The chemical composition of the surface system of Peneos river, Thessaly/Central Greece     

G. Stamatis 《Environmental Geology》1999,38(2):126-140

 Peneos is the mainstream for the drainage of Thessaly's basin. It contributes significantly in recharging the aquifers, as well as to the direct irrigation water, since there is intense agricultural activity in the basin of Thessaly. The investigation of the hydrochemical conditions of the surface water system of Peneos showed that the chemical composition is related to the lithology of the aquifers of the basin, the anthropogenic influence and the biological activity. The chemical composition of this system changes in time and space. The salinity decreases during the winter period, in contrast to the summer period when it increases drastically. The lower values of TDS appear in the upstream part of the river (95–124 mg/l) whereas downstream, the values of TDS increase significantly (400–632 mg/l). The hydrochemical type Ca-Mg-HCO₃ dominates the largest part of the river while it changes to NA-Cl in the estuary. The concentrations of the dissolved species in the main Peneos river are higher than in the spring waters. Peneos is the most polluted river in Greece. The concentration of the pollutants is higher at the downstream part of the river, but is lower than the accepted upper limits. The use of the surface water of the system of Peneos river for irrigation purposes based on the SAR factor is acceptable because the absorption ratio for Na and salinity are low and medium respectively. Received: 27 October 1997 · Accepted: 21 September 1998  相似文献   

Comparison of color, chemical and mineralogical compositions of mine drainage sediments to pigment     

C. S. Kirby  S. M. Decker  N. K. Macander 《Environmental Geology》1999,37(3):243-254

 Forty-three untreated and actively and passively (wetland) treated coal mine drainage sediments and five yellow-red pigments were characterized using X-ray fluorescence, fusion-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and tristimulus colorimeter. Primary crystalline iron-bearing phases were goethite and lepidocrocite, and iron phases converted to hematite upon heating. Quartz was nearly ubiquitous except for synthetic pigments. Gypsum, bassinite, calcite, and ettringite were found in active treatment sediments. Iron concentrations from highest to lowest were synthetic pigment>wetland sediment>natural pigment>active treatment (untreated sediments varied more widely), and manganese was highest in actively treated sediments. Loss on ignition was highest for passively treated sediments. No clear trends were observed between quantified color parameters (L*, a*, b*, and Redness Index) and chemical compositions. Because sediments from passive treatment are similar in chemistry, mineralogy, and color to natural pigments, the mine drainage sediments may be an untapped resource for pigment. Received: 29 December 1997 · Accepted: 11 May 1998  相似文献   

Characterizing random wave surface elevation data     

J.M Niedzwecki  J.W van de Lindt  E.W Sandt 《Ocean Engineering》1998,26(5):401-430

The definition and subsequent use of dimensional and dimensionless parameters to characterize various nonlinear aspects of ocean surface waves has again become a matter of great interest to the offshore community. The desire to ascertain whether laboratory simulations are adequately representing the surface waves found in the oceans and the concern over the mechanisms behind platform response phenomena, like ringing, has driven this resurgence of interest. This paper presents a depth independent characterization of single design waves, from which improved estimates of localized wave crest front and back slopes follow that are consistent with discrete time series analysis. Characterization of the nature of the entire wave data recorded requires a combination of spectral parameters and probabilistic models in addition to those used in the design wave characterization. A new expression for the direct evaluation of the kurtosis from knowledge of the spectral bandwidth, the relationship between some of the common spectral parameters, and some modified spectral parameters are presented and discussed. Three illustrative examples are presented. The first example provides a detailed examination of wave data measured from a series of random amplitude and random phase tests in a large model basin. The second presents estimates of the various parameters for the Pierson-Moskowitz and Wallops wave spectrum models. The third example investigates the use of the spectral peakedness ratio for comparing data with selected wave spectrum models. The examples illustrate how the formulae can provide a comprehensive local and global parametric characterization of surface wave elevation data.  相似文献   

The Effect of Chessboard Variability of the Surface Fluxes on the Aggregated Turbulence Fields in a Convective Atmospheric Surface Layer   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jun Asanuma  Wilfried Brutsaert 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,91(1):37-50

To what degree the variability of surface features can be identified in the turbulent signals observed in the atmospheric boundary layer is still an unresolved problem. This was investigated by conducting an analytical experiment for a one-dimensional 'chessboard'-type surface-flux distribution on the basis of local free convection scaling. The results showed that, due to their nonlinear dependency on the surface fluxes, the dimensionless gradients of the mean quantities and the dimensionless standard deviations are altered by the surface-flux variability. Furthermore, passive scalars, such as humidity, are considerably more sensitive to surface variability than the main active scalar, temperature. However, the response of the gradients of the mean quantities is fairly negligible in the range of variability studied herein as compared to that of the standard deviations, which were found to be more sensitive to the surface-flux variability. In addition, the phase difference between the active and the passive scalar flux distribution strongly affects the passive scalar turbulence. This dissimilarity between passive and active scalars, or between passive scalars when their source distributions are different, brings into question the use of variance methods for the measurement of a scalar flux, such as evaporation, over variable surfaces. The classical Bowen ratio method, which depends on the validity of the Reynolds analogy for the vertical gradients of the mean quantities, was shown to be relatively more robust. However, under conditions of strong surface variability, it can also be expected to fail.  相似文献   

The Surface Albedo Of The Vatnajökull Ice Cap, Iceland: A Comparison Between Satellite-Derived And Ground-Based Measurements   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Carleen H. Reijmer  Wouter H. Knap  Johannes Oerlemans 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(1):123-143

The temporal and spatial variations in the surface albedo of the Vatnajökull ice cap, Iceland, are investigated. A time series of the surface albedo is composed for the summer of 1996 using satellite radiance measurements from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). This time series is compared with ground measurements carried out during a glacio-meteorological experiment during the same summer on the ice cap. The AVHRR is able to reproduce the development in time of the surface albedo fairly well. The large systematic differences found for some of the stations on the ice are attributed to sub-pixel-scale variations in the albedo. An attempt is made to confirm this hypothesis using satellite radiance measurements carried out by the Thematic Mapper (TM) and measurements made with a portable albedometer. The TM has a pixel size of 30 × 30 m whereas the pixel size of the AVHRR is 1 × 1 km. Although the TM measurements show greater variability in the albedo than do the AVHRR measurements, the large systematic difference remains. Measurements with the portable albedometer show a large spread in the albedo at sites with large systematic differences. This implies that the scale of the albedo variations is smaller than the scale of the AVHRR and TM pixels.  相似文献   

On the Choice of Soil Hydraulic Models in Land-Surface Schemes   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

Yaping Shao  Parviz Irannejad 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,90(1):83-115

  相似文献   

中国气候年代际变化的大气环流形势对比分析   总被引：25，自引：3，他引：22  

李崇银李桂龙  龙振夏 《应用气象学报》1999,10(Z1)

该文通过５０年代和８０年代大气环流形势异常的对比,分析了中国气候年代际变化的特征．其主要结果是：中国气候变化存在明显的年代际变化特征;在中国气候年代际变化的不同气候阶段,北半球大气环流也有明显的不同异常形势,尤其是西北太平洋和中国大陆一带地区的环流异常非常不一样;同时,与空间分布的明显差异相类似,子波分析表明对于不同的气候阶段,也有不同的时间变化型与之相对应．  相似文献   

南京地区飑锋近地层气流特征分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

栾建大  陈建东 《气象科学》1999,19(2):173-178

通过对1981－1990年南京小校场观测站路现象记录和路日南京梯度测试站铁塔梯度风每10分钟记录的对比分析,获得了宝贵的273米以下近地层飑锋过境气流特征实测资料,提供了飑锋在近地层存在的部分证据,并对其在近地层的气流特征初步进行了描述和分析。  相似文献   

Application of a Boussinesq model for the computation of breaking waves: Part 2: Wave-induced setdown and setup on a submerged coral reef     

C. Skotner  C. J. Apelt 《Ocean Engineering》1999,26(10):37

Based on a set of Boussinesq-type equations with improved linear frequency dispersion characteristics in deeper water, the present paper incorporates the simplified effect of spilling wave breaking into the equations. The analysis is restricted to a single horizontal dimension but the method can be extended to include the second horizontal dimension. Inside the surf zone the vertical variation of the horizontal velocity profile is assumed to be composed of an (initially unknown) organised velocity component below the roller and a surface roller travelling with the wave celerity. This leads to a new set of equations which is capable of simulating the transformation of waves before, during and after wave breaking. The model is calibrated and verified by comparison with several wave flume measurements. The results show that the model produces sound physical results.  相似文献   

东海中陆架泥质区及其周边表层沉积物碳的分布与固碳能力的研究   总被引：25，自引：2，他引：23  

郭志刚  杨作升  曲艳慧  李玉瑛  崔青 《海洋与湖沼》1999,30(4):421-426

对东海中陆架泥质区及其周边的表层沉积物分别利用容量法、元素分析仪法进行了ＩＣ、ＯＣ含量分析,利用筛析法和沉降法进行了粒度分析。结果表明,研究区ＩＣ含量均明显高于ＯＣ含量。ＯＣ含量在泥质区高,砂质区低;ＩＣ含量分布为：近岸细粒沉积区为相对高值区,中陆架砂质区为低值区,中陆架泥质区为高值区,外陆架砂质区为特高值区．ＯＣ富集主要受控于上覆水体的生物生产量、沉积动力环境以及海底物理化学条件。ＩＣ的分布受物  相似文献