Turbulence Structures Over The Marginal Ice Zone Under Flow Parallel To The Ice Edge: Measurements And Parameterizations     

C. Drüe  G. Heinemann 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,102(1):83-116

Three aircraft-based studies of boundary-layer fronts (BLFs) werecarried out during the experiment KABEG in April 1997 near thesea-ice edge over the Davis Strait. The boundary-layer flow wasparallel to the ice edge and hence two independent turbulent regimescould develop in an identical synoptic framework, separated by thefrontal zone along the ice edge. The zone of strongest crosswindhorizontal gradients was typically 20 km wide, while the downstreamscale of the BLF was observed to be several hundreds of kilometres.For two of the three cases the investigation of turbulence structureswas possible and the results are given herein.Horizontal and vertical profiles of turbulent fluxes and other turbulentquantities are presented. A spectral analysis reveals the coexistence ofsmall-scale turbulence with roll motions. These roll motions can behidden or can be visible as cloud streets. The associated transportmechanisms are highly relevant for the choice of suitable averagingintervals for turbulent flux calculations and model validation.Parameterizations for the vertical velocity variance, countergradienttransport, sea surface roughness and eddy diffusivity are evaluatedand compared for this baroclinic strong-wind convective boundary-layerenvironment. Analogously, drag coefficients and bulk transfer coefficientsare derived from measurements.  相似文献   

Aspects Of The Atmospheric Surface Layers On Mars And Earth     

S. E. Larsen  H. E. Jørgensen  L. Landberg  J. E. Tillman 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2002,105(3):451-470

The structures of mean flow and turbulence in the atmospheric surface boundary layer have been extensively studied on Earth, and to a far less extent on Mars, where only the Viking missions and the Pathfinder mission have delivered in-situ data. Largely the behaviour of surface-layer turbulence and mean flow on Mars is found to obey the same scaling laws as on Earth. The largest micrometeorological differences between the two atmospheres are associated with the low air density of the Martian atmosphere. Together with the virtual absence of water vapour, it reduces the importance of the atmospheric heat flux in the surface energy budget. This increases the temperature variation of the surface forcing the near-surface temperature gradient and thereby the diabatic heat flux to higher values than are typical on the Earth, resulting in turn in a deeper daytime boundary layer. As wind speed is much like that of the Earth, this larger diabatic heat flux is carried mostly by larger maximal values of T_*, the surface scale temperature. The higher kinematic viscosity yields a Kolmogorov scale of the order of ten times larger than on Earth, influencing the transition between rough and smooth flow for the same surface features.The scaling laws have been validated analysing the Martian surface-layer data for the relations between the power spectra of wind and temperature turbulence and the corresponding mean values of wind speed and temperature. Usual spectral formulations were used based on the scaling laws ruling the Earth atmospheric surface layer, whereby the Earth's atmosphere is used as a standard for the Martian atmosphere.  相似文献   

Localized stirring in a field of salt-fingers     

M. G. Wells  R. W. Griffiths 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》2002,35(4)

In a series of laboratory experiments, a partially mixed patch was produced in thick linear concentration gradients favorable to salt-finger convection. Salt-fingers, which give rise to an up-gradient flux of buoyancy, can reduce and invert the density gradient in the initial imposed patch. This leads to overturning convection within the patch if (a) the ratio of ambient T and S gradients, R_ρ=αT_z/βS_z, is near one; (b) the initial imposed turbulence results in a nearly well-mixed patch; and (c) the patch thickness is large enough that convective eddies are able to transport T and S faster than salt-fingers. Once overturning occurs, subsequent turbulent entrainment can lead to growth of the patch thickness. Experimental results for one-dimensional patches (layers) agree well with the theoretical prediction. This thickening is in contrast to the collapse that a partially mixed three-dimensional patch would experience due to lateral intrusion in a wide tank.  相似文献   

EXPERIMENT ON THE FORECAST OF CHARACTERISTIC QUANTITIES OF ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE BY MESOSCALE MODEL MM5^*          下载免费PDF全文

ZHAO Ming  XU Liren  TANG Jianping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2002,16(1):94-106

In nested nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5,the characteristic quantities of atmospheric turbulence,i.e.,the standard deviations of the turbulent fluctuated speeds for three directions in PBL are computed by Mellor-Yamada's level 2.5 closure scheme.The magnitudes and the vertical profiles of these quantities computed from the model are closely connected with temperature and wind speed profiles as well as the type of the ground with a significant diurnal variation,and are in agreement with known magnitudes and regularities in different stratification conditions.Hence the method in this paper is reasonable and convincible.Their horizontal distribution depends on the horizontal distribution of the stratification.The method of predicted characteristic quantities of turbulence from mesoscale model in this paper can be used in the problem of atmospheric diffusion and atmospheric environment.  相似文献   

Large-Scale Motions in the Marine Atmospheric Surface Layer   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

R. S. Boppe  W. L. Neu  H. Shuai 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,92(2):165-183

Multi-level turbulent wind data from the Risø Air-Sea Experiments (RASEX) were used to examine the structure of large-scale motions in the marine atmospheric surface layer. The quadrant technique was used to identify flux events (ejections/sweeps). Ejections, which appear to occur in groups, are seen to occur first at the upper level, moving successively to lower levels with small time delays. A strong correlation between events at different heights suggests that they may all be part of a single large structure. Cross-correlation between velocity signals was used to estimate orientation of the structure using Taylor's hypothesis. The inclination of this structure is shallow ( 15°) near the surface and increases with height. Spatial representations of the fluctuating wind vectors show a structure that is strikingly similar to conceptual models of transverse vortices and shear layers seen in laboratory flows and direct numerical simulation (DNS) of low Reynolds number flows. Spatial visualization of velocity fluctuations during other time periods and conditions clearly shows the existence of shear layers, transverse vortices, plumes, and downdrafts of various sizes and strengths. A quantitative analysis shows an increase in the frequency of shear related events with increasing wind speed.  相似文献   

东北半干旱地区夏季能量水分传输过程分析     

任兆鹏  卢宇坤  谢丰 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2020,14(3):122-130

利用2015年8月锦州气象站的观测资料和中国地面气候资料日值数据集(V3.0),分析东北半干旱地区夏季能量水分传输过程。结果表明:锦州地区8月两次降水过程对近地面气象要素造成的差异较为明显。锦州站2 m气温和比湿都具有明显的日变化特征,较深层土壤升温与浅层土壤升温相比存在滞后效应。8月锦州站的CO2通量平均值为-0.17 mg/(m2·s),表现为"碳汇"。陆—气之间的能量交换主要依赖于水汽相变所传输的能量。地表反照率的日变化趋势大致为"U"型。潜热通量和感热通量平均值分别为71.9、29.7 W/m2。强烈的向下短波辐射使土壤和地表增温,同期降水量也偏少,是2015年夏季该地区出现的干旱的主要原因。能量不平衡的现象普遍存在,在考虑能量平衡时,考虑土壤热储量情况下的能量闭合率比不考虑时高2%～3%,夜间数据可以忽略。云量的增多会降低能量闭合程度。  相似文献   

Vertical Structure Of Turbulence In Offshore Flow During Rasex     

L. Mahrt  Dean Vickers  Jim Edson  James M. Wilczak  Jeff Hare  Jørgen Højstrup 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,100(1):47-61

The adjustment of the boundary layer immediately downstream froma coastline is examined based on two levels of eddy correlation data collected on a mast at the shore and six levels of eddy correlation data and profiles of mean variables collected from a mast 2 km offshore during the Risø Air-Sea Experiment. The characteristics of offshore flow are studied in terms of case studies and inter-variable relationships for the entire one-month data set. A turbulent kinetic energy budget is constructed for each case study.The buoyancy generation of turbulence is small compared to shear generation and dissipation. However, weakly stable and weakly unstable cases exhibit completely different vertical structure. With flow of warm air from land over cooler water, modest buoyancy destruction of turbulence and reduced shear generation of turbulence over the less rough sea surface cause the turbulence to rapidly weaken downstream from the coast. The reduction of downward mixing of momentum by the stratification leads to smaller roughness lengths compared to the unstable case. Shear generation at higher levels and advection of stronger turbulence from land often lead to an increase of stress and turbulence energy with height and downward transport of turbulence energy toward the surface.With flow of cool air over a warmer sea surface, a convective internal boundary layer develops downstream from the coast. An overlying relatively thick layer of downward buoyancy flux (virtual temperature flux) is sometimes maintained by shear generation in the accelerating offshore flow.  相似文献   

Wind-Tunnel Study Of Atmospheric Stable Boundary Layers Over A Rough Surface     

Yuji Ohya 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(1):57-82

Wind-tunnel simulations of theatmospheric stable boundary layer (SBL) developedover a rough surface were conducted by using athermally stratified wind tunnel at the Research Institutefor Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University. Thepresent experiment is a continuation of the workcarried out in a wind tunnel at Colorado StateUniversity (CSU), where the SBL flows were developed over asmooth surface. Stably stratified flows were createdby heating the wind-tunnel airflow to a temperature ofabout 40–50°and by cooling the test-section floor toa temperature of about 10°. To simulate therough surface, a chain roughness was placed over thetest-section floor. We have investigated the buoyancyeffect on the turbulent boundary layer developed overthis rough surface for a wide range of stability,particularly focusing on the turbulence structure andtransport process in the very stable boundary layer.The present experimental results broadly confirm theresults obtained in the CSU experiment with the smoothsurface, and emphasizes the following features: thevertical profiles of turbulence statistics exhibitdifferent behaviour in two distinct stability regimes with weak and strong stability,corresponding to the difference in the verticalprofiles of the local Richardson number. The tworegimes are separated by the critical Richardsonnumber. The magnitudes in turbulence intensities andturbulent fluxes for the weak stability regime aremuch greater than those of the CSU experiments becauseof the greater surface roughness. For the very stableboundary layer, the turbulent fluxes of momentum andheat tend to vanish and wave-like motions due to theKelvin–Helmholtz instability and the rolling up andbreaking of those waves can be observed. Furthermore,the appearance of internal gravity waves is suggestedfrom cross-spectrum analyses.  相似文献   

大武水源地地下水环境模拟与石油污染控制研究     

李铎  宋雪琳等 《城市地质》2001,13(4):20-24

大武水源地是山东省内唯一的大型地下水水源地，由于相邻的堠皋地段地下水被石油污染，大武水源地面临着严重的石油污染威胁。本文通过对地下水环境模拟和地下水环境控制模拟的研究，提出在堠皋地段设置 地下水截流带，控制已污染的地下水向大武水源地径流。为达到保护大武水源地的目的，提出石油污染治理建议。  相似文献   

Earthquake response of hysteretic mass-column using non-Gaussian closure     

G. Tsiatas 《Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering》1991,10(5)

A non-Gaussian closure scheme based on the Edgeworth expansion of the probability density function is used to study the response of a hysteretic structure under random parametric excitation. The system considered consists of a weightless mass supporting a concentrated mass and it is subjected to the vertical and horizontal components of the ground acceleration modeled as nonstationary Gaussian white noise processes. The material of the structure exhibits bilinear hysteretic behaviour. The equation governing the motion of the system is transformed into an Itô stochastic differential equation. A set of ordinary differential equations governing the response statistics are obtained. These form an infinite hierarchy of equations which must be truncated in order to solve for moments of any order. The Edgeworth expansion of the joint density is used to truncate this infinite hierarchy. Such a closure scheme appears desirable since for hysteretic systems an explicit expression of the probability density is required. A frequently used closure scheme based on Gaussian assumption underestimates the response. The non-Gaussian density can be used in reliability studies.  相似文献