青藏高原大地形对华南持续性暴雨影响的数值试验   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

何钰  李国平 《大气科学》2013,37(4):933-944

利用新一代中尺度数值预报模式WRF3.2及NCEP/NCAR 逐日4次1°×1°的FNL再分析资料,通过有、无青藏高原以及将高原高度降低到临界高度的数值试验,研究了青藏高原大地形对我国华南地区2010 年5 月一次持续性暴雨过程的影响。试验结果表明:高原大地形对降水的影响显著,随着高原高度的升高,降水增多,高原以东地区的雨带也由北向南移动;高原地形的机械阻挡作用使迎风坡一侧的近地面层附近为强上升运动,背风坡为下沉运动,并分别对应降水的峰值和谷值区;高原对西风气流的爬流、绕流作用明显,高原升高后爬坡作用减弱,以绕流作用为主;高原的加热作用使气流过高原时南支减弱,北支加强,并加强了高原及其东部地区低层的正涡度和高层的负涡度,使高原上空为强烈的上升运动;高原的热力作用使西太平洋副热带高压位置偏南、偏西并稳定维持;高原大地形对形成稳定的高原季风环流圈有重要作用;高原地形高度的作用有利于定常波的形成,波动中心对应强上升运动,形成降水的大值区,稳定维持的定常波使得降水持续集中在同一地区,造成持续性暴雨。  相似文献   

夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构的变化特征及其与东亚夏季风活动的关系   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  

邱金晶  孙照渤 《大气科学》2013,37(5):1129-1142

采用NCEP/NCAR和ERA40再分析月平均资料,对比分析夏季垂直尺度上五层(1000 hPa、925 hPa、850 hPa、700 hPa、600 hPa)索马里越赤道气流(SMJ)的时空演变特征。指出对流层中低层SMJ存在不同的垂直结构,且具有年际、年代际变化特征。夏季SMJ垂直结构主要呈现出全区一致、上下反相两种分布型(“A”型和“B”型),细分为一致增强型(“A+”型)、一致减弱型(“A-”型)、上弱下强型(“B+”型)和上强下弱型(“B-”型)。进一步分析指出,SMJ垂直结构与东亚夏季风活动关系密切,SMJ“A+”(“A-”)型垂直结构对应东亚夏季风偏强(弱),我国内蒙古东部、华北地区降水偏多(少);夏季SMJ“B+”(“B-”)型垂直结构对应东亚夏季风偏弱(强),我国江南、日本地区降水偏少(多)。  相似文献   

夏季索马里越赤道气流垂直结构特征及其与南亚夏季风的关系   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

谢磊  孙照渤  李忠贤  倪东鸿 《气象科学》2013,33(1):37-42

采用1950-2009年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析风场资料,对夏季低空索马里越赤道气流的垂直结构及其与南亚夏季风的关系进行研究.结果表明:夏季索马里越赤道气流在垂直方向上从低层至高层先增强,在925 hPa高度上达到最大值后逐渐减弱.某些年份索马里越赤道气流核心可向上延伸至850 hPa高度,而某些年份则维持在925 hPa高度上.索马里越赤道气流垂直结构不同时,其对应的南亚夏季风也有所不同,这种差异主要体现在对流层低层风场的变化,以及南亚夏季风的强弱差异方面.总体来说,索马里急流核心高度延伸至850 hPa时,对应的南亚夏季风偏强;急流核心高度维持在925 hPa时,南亚夏季风偏弱.  相似文献   

Effects of continuous flow centrifugation on measurements of trace elements in river water: intrinsic contamination and particle fragmentation     

Patrick Ross  Davide Vignati  Janusz Dominik 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2745-2754

Continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) is a well‐established technique used in natural surface water studies to collect large amounts of suspended solids, thus allowing a broad spectrum of measurements. However, a potential contamination or changes in the particle size distribution during the centrifugation may restrain the use of CFC effluents for element analysis in the colloidal and dissolved fractions. In this paper we evaluate the possibility of using the effluent of a Westfalia centrifuge (type KA2‐06‐075, 9700 rpm) for such analysis. This evaluation is based on two laboratory experiments with deionized and tap water and two field experiments in rivers. Elemental concentration changes across the CFC were assessed from the CFC influent and effluent after a filtration at 0·45 µm. Significant increases were found, mainly in the field experiments at a high suspended solids level and a slightly acid pH. A hypothesis was made on the origin of these increases as a superposition of a centrifuge intrinsic contamination and a particle fragmentation effect. A numerical model based on elemental concentration measurements (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) gave a particle fragmentation level of 0·55% (mass percentage of particles broken up into smaller fragments during centrifugation). In another experiment, a direct particle counting (single particle counter) shows an excess of particles smaller than 500 nm in the CFC effluent, corresponding to a fragmentation level of 0·11%. In consequence, the use of CFC effluent for element analysis is possible in low‐turbidity river or lake waters, but should be carefully considered in waters with high suspended matter contents. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

西北地区五城市大型水源地地下水流模型若干问题研究     

李俊亭  王文科 《地球科学与环境学报》1994,(2)

西北地区五城市系指西安市、兰州市、乌鲁木齐市、西宁市与银川市。五城市在“七五”期间分别建立了大型水源地的地下水管理模型，而地下水流模型的建立则是制作地下水管理模型的基础。一个好的地下水流模型对概化的水文地质模型必须有高度的仿真性，通过拟合求参必须有足够的保真性，对于预测必须有可靠性。  相似文献   

A digital elevation analysis: a spatially distributed flow apportioning algorithm     

Sanghyun Kim  Haksu Lee 《水文研究》2004,18(10):1777-1794

An integrated flow determination algorithm is proposed to calculate the spatial distribution of the topographic index to the channel network. The advantages of a single flow direction algorithm and other multiple flow direction schemes are selectively considered in order to address the drawbacks of existing algorithms. A spatially varying flow apportioning factor is introduced to distribute the contributing area from upslope cells to downslope cells. The channel initiation threshold concept is expanded and integrated into a spatially distributed flow apportioning algorithm to delineate a realistic channel network. The functional relationships between the flow apportioning factors and the expanded channel initiation threshold (ECIT) are developed to address the spatially varied flow distribution patterns considering the permanent channel locations. A genetic algorithm (GA) is integrated into the spatially distributed flow apportioning algorithm (SDFAA) with the objective function of river cell evaluation. An application of a field example suggests that the spatially distributed flow apportioning scheme provides several advantages over the existing approaches; the advantages include the relaxation of overdissipation problems near channel cells, the connectivity feature of river cells and the robustness of the parameter determination procedure over existing algorithms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A simple model of hillslope response for overland flow generation     

Carmelo Agnese  Giorgio Baiamonte  Cecilia Corrao 《水文研究》2001,15(17):3225-3238

This paper deals with the derivation of the hydrological response of a hillslope on the assumption of quick runoff by surface runoff generation. By using the simple non‐linear storage based model, first proposed by Horton, an analytical solution of the overland flow equations over a plane hillslope was derived. This solution establishes a generalization for different flow regimes of Horton's original solution, which is valid for the transitional flow regime only. The solution proposed was compared successfully with that of Horton and, for the turbulent flow regime, to the one derived from kinematic wave theory. This solution can be applied easily to both stationary and non‐stationary rainfall excess events. An analytical solution for the instantaneous response function (IRF) was also derived. Finally, simple expressions to compute peak and time to peak of IRF are proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Refined conceptualization of TOPMODEL for shallow subsurface flows     

M. Todd Walter  Tammo S. Steenhuis  Vishal K. Mehta  Dominique Thongs  Mark Zion  Elliot Schneiderman 《水文研究》2002,16(10):2041-2046

The TOPMODEL framework was used to derive expressions that account for saturated and unsaturated flow through shallow soil on a hillslope. The resulting equations were the basis for a shallow‐soil TOPMODEL (STOPMODEL). The common TOPMODEL theory implicitly assumes a water table below the entire watershed and this does not conceptually apply to systems hydrologically controlled by shallow interflow of perched groundwater. STOPMODEL provides an approach for extending TOPMODEL's conceptualization to apply to shallow, interflow‐driven watersheds by using soil moisture deficit instead of water table depth as the state variable. Deriving STOPMODEL by using a hydraulic conductivity function that changes exponentially with soil moisture content results in equations that look very similar to those commonly associated with TOPMODEL. This alternative way of conceptualizing TOPMODEL makes the modelling approach available to researchers, planners, and engineers who work in areas where TOPMODEL was previously believed to be unsuited, such as the New York City Watershed in the Catskills region of New York State. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

ON THE ORIGIN AGE OF THE SOUTHWEST BASIN IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA     

刘昭蜀  闫贫  刘海龄 《中国海洋湖沼学报》1997,15(3):285-288

TheSouthChinaSea(SCS)islocatalinthejunCti0noftheEurasian,PacificandIndodeustralianPlates,andisoneofthebiggestrnarginalseasinthewesternPadfic~n.Uyeda(l977)regardedtheSCS'soriginasoneofthebasicprobboincompletelyre-solvedbytheTheoryofPlateTeCtoniesrv).Heaskedfl.Whydoesanarcriseup(theoriginofarcmountains)?2.Whyisthestressinthebackurcbasinregionextensional(theoriginofbackurcbasin)?3.Whyisthernantleintheinnerurcbelthot(theoriginofvohanismandhighgcothermalflow)?Therewermanyviewnointsontheori…  相似文献   

Groundwater flow in anisotropic aquifers reduced to the isotropic case     

Valerio Faraoni 《水文研究》2004,18(9):1735-1743

By applying the technique of conformal transformation of the metric, widely used in general relativity and cosmology, the analysis of groundwater flow in an anisotropic aquifer (in which the hydraulic conductivity is a tensor) is reduced to the case of an isotropic one. This reduction is achieved for a particular conformal factor of the transformation. Examples of application of this technique are given. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献