Capturing the essential spatial variability in distributed hydrological modelling: Infiltration parameters     

Nadim S. Farajalla  Baxter E. Vieux 《水文研究》1995,9(1):55-68

Selecting the correct resolution in distributed hydrological modelling at the watershed scale is essential in reducing scale-related errors. The work presented herein uses information content (entropy) to identify the resolution which captures the essential variability, at the watershed scale, of the infiltration parameters in the Green and Ampt infiltration equation. A soil map of the Little Washita watershed in south-west Oklahoma, USA was used to investigate the effects of grid cell resolution on the distributed modelling of infiltration. Soil-derived parameters and infiltration exhibit decreased entropy as resolutions become coarser. This is reflected in a decrease in the maximum entropy value for the reclassified/derived parameters vis a vis the original data. Moreover, the entropy curve, when plotted against resolution, shows two distinct segments: a constant section where no entropy was lost with decreasing resolution and another part which is characterized by a sharp decrease in entropy after a critical resolution of 1209 m is reached. This methodology offers a technique for assessing the largest cell size that captures the spatial variability of infiltration parameters for a particular basin. A geographical information system (GIS) based rainfall-runoff model is used to simulate storm hydrographs using infiltration parameter maps at different resolutions as inputs. Model results up to the critical resolution are reproducible and errors are small. However, at resolutions beyond the critical resolution the results are erratic with large errors. A major finding of this study is that a large resolution (1209 m for this basin) yields reproducible model results. When modelling a river basin using a distributed model, the resolution (grid cell size) can drastically affect the model results and calibration. The error structure attributable to grid cell resolution using entropy as a spatial variability measure is shown.  相似文献   

珠江河口经济动物体铜铅锌镉的含量     

王增焕  李纯厚  林钦  周国君  杨美兰 《广东海洋大学学报》2003,23(3):33-38

分别于2000年4月、2001年4月和2002年8月对珠江河口水域海洋经济动物体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种重金属元素的含量进行了调查分析,结果表明,14种经济动物体肌肉Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn各元素的平均含量分别是0.08、2.67、0.05、5.69mg·kg~(-1),其变化范围为nd～0.46mg·kg~(-1)、0.24～11.85mg·kg~(-1)、nd～0.26mg·kg~(-1)、1.55～18.36mg·kg~(-1)。甲壳类与头足类生物体内铜铅锌镉含量比较接近,远远高于鱼类的含量。所检测的14种经济类海洋动物中,虾姑、乌贼Cu的含量高于其余三种元素的含量,其余12种生物Zn的含量比另三种元素含量高。三次调查该水域经济类海洋动物体铜铅锌镉的含量基本一致。与水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准比较,14种被测样品铜、铅和镉的含量全部符合该标准的要求。  相似文献   

TRANSFERABLE PHOSPHORUS IN SEDIMENTS OF THE HUANGHE RIVER ESTUARY ＇S ADJACENT WATERS   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋金明 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2001,19(1):81-86

Based on a new idea for research on cycling of marine biogenic elements, this study showed that only the leachable form phosphorus in natural grain sizes manne sediments constitutes the transferable phosphorous in the sediments. The transferable phosphorus content in the natural grain sizes surface sediments in the Huanghe River estuary adjacent waters ranges from 58.5-69.8 μg/g, accounting for only 9.1%-11.0% of the total phosphorus content, whereas the leachable form (“transferable” )phosphorus content in the sediment after it was totally ground into powder was found to be 454.8-529.2μg/g, accounting for 73.4%-89.1% of the total phosphorus. Analysis of the correlation between thebill,ass of benthos and the leachable form (“transferable” ) phosphorus showed that most of the leachableform (“transferable”) phosphorus in the totally ground sediment did not participate in the marine biogeo chemical cycling. Furthermore, a synchronous survey on benthos showed that the biornass of meio-and maero-benthos exhibited good positive correlation with the leachable form of phosphorus in the naturalgrain sizes sediment, but peorer correlation with the leachable form (“transferable”) phosphorus in the totally ground sediment, indicating that transferable phosphorus in marine sediment is the leachable form of phosphorus in the natural grain sizes sediments, and is not the previously known leachable form(“transferable”) phosphorus obtained from the totally ground sediment.  相似文献   

Measuring channel and gully cross-sections with an airborne laser altimeter     

Jerry C. Ritchie  Earl H. Grissinger  Joseph B. Murphey  Jurgen D. Garbrecht 《水文研究》1994,8(3):237-243

A laser altimeter, making 4000 measurements per second, was used to measure channel and gully morphology. The laser measurements provide quick, accurate and readily obtained data on the cross-section and morphology of channels and gullies in relation to the adjacent landscape. Although ground based techniques can be used to make these measurements, using a laser altimeter mounted in an aircraft allows data to be collected faster, with greater density and detail, and in areas with limited access for ground surveys. The laser altimeter data are valuable for measuring channel and gully cross-sections and roughness in relation to the surrounding landscape, for assessing soil loss from gullies and channels, and for providing input to the understanding of gully and channel dynamics in the landscape.  相似文献   

The applicability of research on flood-drought tendency —an analysis on disastrous flood of Taihu Lake basin in June-July, 1991     

Jiaqi Chen 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1994,4(2):129-133

In Taihu Lake basin during June–July in 1991, there happened a catastrophic flood, the precipitation reached that of 1954 and the water level was the highest in the history in Taihu Lake. This heavy flood, happening in the relatively humid period and being well accord with flood-drought change tendency, was early precautioned. The occurrence of the flood illustrated that using records of historical climate to predict flood-drough tendency is practically significant for hazard-reduction project.  相似文献   

Spectrum characteristics of major ion concentrations at Wuhan sectoin of the Changjiang Rriver     

Xing-hui Xia  Jing-sheng Chen  Xu-yi Cai 《中国地理科学(英文版)》2001,11(4):315-320

Spectrum analyses of water quality time series have been carried out for five hydrometric stations including Wuhan hydrometric station of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River, etc. The fluctuations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and HCO ₃ ⁻ concentrations in river water under different physical geography conditions have about two-year cycle which is corresponding to hydrometeorological quasi-biannual-oscillation (QBO). Na⁺, Cl⁻ SO ₄ ²⁻ have about two-year cycle in the area lightly affected by human activities while two-year cycle doesn’t exist in the area heavily affected by human activities. All the fluctuations of major ions have about three-month cycle. The river diseharge fluctuation accounts for 43.9%, 45.1%, 54.3%, 33.9%, 30.3% and 42.7% of the variance of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, HCO ₃ ⁻ , Na⁺, Cl⁻, SO ₄ ²⁻ , respectively, at Wuhan from 1962 to 1985. According to the spectrum characteristic of major ions, the duration of the time series has to be at least 13 years for trend analysis of monthly water quality data. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49671017). Biography: XIA Xing-hui(1971-), female, a native of Hunan Province, Ph. D. Her research interest includes environmental chemistry.  相似文献   

SEA LEVEL RISE OF THE ZHUJIANG RIVER DELTA AND NEOTECTONICS     

曾昭璇  刘南威  胡男  丘世钧  黄山  李平日  方国祥  黄光庆  祝功武 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1993,3(1):44-50

A linear regression analysis of 28 selected tide-gauge stations of the Zhujiang Estuary shows that there has been a tendency of local sea level rise at a rate of 2.028 mm per year. The origin of the variation is significantly attributed to the local tectonic movement of discrepant fault-block. Based on this, four types of relative local sea level changes are classified. According to calculation, half of the fertile land, or 800 km2 of the delta plain will have been submerged by sea water by about 2040. This will yield a significant influence on the economic construction and human activities.  相似文献   

ECOLOGIC ENVIRONMENT OF TARIM RIVER AND ITS PROTECTIVE PROGRAMME     

程其畴 《中国地理科学(英文版)》1996,6(2):185-191

ＥＣＯＬＯＧＩＣ ＥＮＶＩＲＯＮＭＥＮＴ ＯＦ ＴＡＲＩＭ ＲＩＶＥＲ ＡＮＤ ＩＴＳ ＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＶＥ ＰＲＯＧＲＡＭＭＥ ＣｈｅｎｇＱｉｃｈｏｕ（程其畴）ＸｉｎｊｉａｎｇＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＧｅｏｇｒａｐｈｙ，ｔｈｅＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅ...  相似文献   

CHEMICAL WEATHERING PROCESSES AND ATMOSPHERIC CO_2 CONSUMPTION OF HUANGHE RIVER AND CHANGJIANG RIVER BASINS     

《中国地理科学(英文版)》2005,15(1)

1 INTRODUCTIONThe atmospheric CO2consumed by rock weathering haslong been recognized as providing a major loss of car-bon and decreasing the atmospheric CO2(STALL-ARD and EDMOND, 1981; MEYBECK, 1983).The 0.7×109 -0.8 ×109t of carbon derived from atmo-sp…  相似文献   

咸阳渭河高漫滩沉积洪水变化研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

赵景波  ZHOU Xiao-hong  SUN Gui-zhen 《沉积学报》2007,25(4):597-602

根据咸阳高漫滩XY剖面中116个样品的粒度分析,结合历史文献记载的年代资料得出,渭河约120年来形成的高漫滩洪水沉积分层明显,对洪水的变化反映清楚,分辨率高,能够作为很好地指示洪水变化的指标。XY剖面最上层为2003年大洪水沉积,最上层之下的其它15层为古代洪水发生时期形成的沉积层,整个剖面记录了16次规模较大的洪水。XY剖面随深度变化具有明显的粗细变化节律,其中第1、3、5、7、9、11、13、15层粒度组成较第2、4、6、8、10、12、14、16层细。在充分考虑了因洪水沉积逐步叠加引起的地形增高对粒度成分的影响之后,可以确定这16个阶段洪水深度和规模由大到小的变化顺序为:第12阶段>第15阶段>第6阶段>第9阶段>第16阶段>第1阶段>第5阶段>第14阶段>第7阶段>第11阶段>第3阶段>第13阶段>第8阶段>第10阶段>第4阶段>第2阶段。其中第12、15、6、9、16、1阶段的洪水规模较第5、14、7、11、3、13、8、10、4、2阶段洪水规模更大。根据2003年河漫滩上的洪水沉积层粒度成分和洪水深度为2.2 m左右确定,所研究的剖面中第6、9、12、15、16、1层形成时的河漫滩上的洪水深度大于2.2 m,第5、14、7、11、3、13、8、10、4、2层形成时的洪水深度小于2.2 m。通过与现代大洪水发生时期年降水量的对比可知,这些大洪水发生的主要是渭河流域一些地区当年降水量显著增加造成的。在这16个洪水阶段之间没有洪水发生的阶段是降水量正常或偏少的阶段。  相似文献