Geochemical demobilization of metallic pollutants in solid waste—implications for arsenic in waterworks sludges     

U. Frstner  I. Haase 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,62(1-3)

During stabilization or demobilization of contaminants in solid waste materials, different approaches can be taken, which also can be combined: (1) sufficient long-term buffer capacity can be provided, according to the environmental conditions; (2) permeability for dissolved contaminants can be reduced by secondary mineral precipitations or by soft gels injected into the pore space of the waste body; and (3) new formations of ‘reservoir minerals' can incorporate potential pollutants in their internal structure. Emphasizing the geochemical engineering approach, two examples are presented from the field of water management, both focussing on the demobilization of arsenic species. The first example (after Driehaus, W., 1994. Arsenentfernung mit Mangandioxid und Eisenhydroxid in der Trinkwasseraufbereitung. Vol. 133, Ser. 15, VDI-Reports, Düsseldorf, 117 pp.) relates to the problems during purification of arsenic-rich raw water, suggesting the potential application of iron and manganese oxide minerals as oxidizing agents and mineral lattice structures for the elimination of arsenic. In the second example, contaminated sludges from water treatment plants were investigated for their leaching characteristics and long-term stability. A pH-stat test procedure was used to assess the leaching characteristics of metals at typical pH values. Due to the presence of iron and manganese oxides pentavalent arsenic is protected against conversion into the mobile trivalent form at neutral to low pH. Experimental data suggest that co-disposal with reducing organic matter and alkaline stabilization material or wastes could negatively influence the binding properties and, therefore, should be avoided.  相似文献   

Mobilization and attenuation of metals downstream from a base-metal mining site in the Mátra Mountains, northeastern Hungary     

László Ódor  Richard B Wanty  István Horváth  Ubul Fügedi 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》1998,65(1):47-60

Regional geochemical baseline values have been established for Hungary by the use of low-density stream-sediment surveys of flood-plain deposits of large drainage basins and of the fine fraction of stream sediments. The baseline values and anomaly thresholds thus produced helped to evaluate the importance of high toxic element concentrations found in soils in a valley downstream of a polymetallic vein-type base-metal mine. Erosion of the mine dumps and flotation dump, losses of metals during filtering, storage and transportation, human neglects, and operational breakdowns, have all contributed to the contamination of a small catchment basin in a procession of releases of solid waste. The sulfide-rich waste material weathers to a yellow color; this layer of `yellow sand' blankets a narrow strip of the floodplain of Toka Creek in the valley near the town of Gyöngyösoroszi. Contamination was spread out in the valley by floods. Metals present in the yellow sand include Pb, As, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Sb. Exposure of the local population to these metals may occur through inhalation of airborne particulates or by ingestion of these metals that are taken up by crops grown in the valley. To evaluate the areal extent and depth of the contamination, active stream sediment, flood-plain deposits, lake or reservoir sediments, soils, and surface water were sampled along the erosion pathways downstream of the mine and dumps. The flood-plain profile was sampled in detail to see the vertical distribution of elements and to relate the metal concentrations to the sedimentation and contamination histories of the flood plain. Downward migration of mobile Zn and Cd from the contaminated upper layers under supergene conditions is observed, while vertical migration of Pb, As, Hg and Sb appears to be insignificant. Soil profiles of ¹³⁷Cs which originated from above-ground atomic bomb tests and the Chernobyl accident, provide good evidence that the upper 30–40 cm of the flood-plain sections, which includes the yellow sand contamination, were deposited in the last 30–40 years.  相似文献   

氢化物—原子荧光法测定大洋沉积物中的砷   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

刘昌岭  江志刚 《岩矿测试》1997,16(1):37-39

试验了常用酸及还原剂用量对测定Ａｓ的影响，选择了仪器的最佳工作条件，考察了大洋沉积物中主量及常见元素对测定的干扰情况，并给出了这些元素不干扰测定的允许存在量。方法用于测定海底沉积物标准样品，结果与标准值吻合，相对标准偏差（ｎ＝１２）小于５％。  相似文献   

Comparaison d'extractions séquentielles et cinétiques pour la spéciation de As dans des sols sableux contaminés     

Sophie Cornu  David Montagne  Pierre Conil 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2004,336(11):1007-1015

We compared the results obtained by sequential extraction combined with physical fractionation to those obtained by kinetics for As speciation in slightly polluted soils through irrigation. The soil samples were sieved through a 50-μm mesh. Particulate organic matter was manually sorted and joined to the less than 50-μm fractions. This last fraction was sequentially extracted with phosphates, NaOH and hydroxylamine + acetic acid at 90 °C. Kinetic extractions by EDTA were also performed on whole samples. Results show that As originating from irrigation was rather mobile. The different compartments defined by the sequential extraction were in agreement with those defines by kinetics. To cite this article: S. Cornu et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).  相似文献   

次火山热变质煤中Ge、Ga、As、S的分布特征   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

刘金钟  许云秋 《煤田地质与勘探》1992,20(5):27-32

五牧场区是内蒙东部伊敏褐煤盆地中一个因次火山侵入作用形成的局部的烟煤区。在煤变质过程中,锗、硫从高变质煤中逸出,并在上部低变质煤中富集。锗、硫、砷与煤中有机质呈正相关,镓与煤中灰分呈正相关,随变质程度增加相关性下降。   相似文献   

Phytoremediation Potential of Jack Bean Plant for Multi‐Element Contaminated Soils From Ribeira Valley,Brazil          下载免费PDF全文

Maíra da Silva  Sara Adrián López de Andrade  Alfredo Borges De‐Campos 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2018,46(6)

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氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤中的痕量砷铜铅锌镍钒   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

贺攀红  杨珍  龚治湘 《岩矿测试》2020,39(2):235-242

土壤中砷的测定方法多采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS);电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)在多元素同时测定方面应用普遍,但测定砷的检出限稍高。氢化物发生技术与ICP-OES两者联用也多有研究,较大幅度降低了砷的检出限,已能实现砷锑铋汞等元素的同时测定。但联用技术只能应用于测定能够发生氢化反应的元素,无法实现易氢化元素和难氢化元素的同时测定。本文通过改进ICP-OES仪器的进样装置,采用氢化反应气与ICP-OES雾化气双管路同时进样的方法,实现了一次溶样、一台设备同步测定样品中的砷和多种金属元素。土壤样品经氢氟酸、硝酸、高氯酸、盐酸溶解后,用10%盐酸提取,用硫脲-抗坏血酸溶液将砷元素预还原为+3价后双流路同时进样测定。对于溶液中共存的离子,高于1.0mg/L的La和Dy对砷测定有干扰;低于50.0mg/L的K、Na、Ca、Mg、Fe,低于20.0mg/L的Pb、Mo、Zn、Cu、Ba、Ti、Mn、Ni、Sr、V、Cr,低于10.0mg/L的Co、Ag、U、Cd、Li、Au对砷测定无影响。本方法提高了砷的测定灵敏度,又充分利用多元素同测的优势,实现了同时测定易氢化的痕量砷和难氢化的铜、铅、锌、镍、钒等元素。方法精密度高(RSD5%),经土壤标准物质验证方法可靠,适合痕量砷与其他元素的同步测定。  相似文献   

黄、东海溶解态无机砷的分布及其季节变化     

任景玲  刘素美  张经 《海洋通报(英文版)》2009,11(1):24-36

本文综合2000～2003年期间9个航次的研究结果,讨论了总溶解态无机砷（TDIAs,[TDIAs]=[As^5＋]＋[As^3＋]）和亚砷酸盐（As^3＋）在黄、东海的分布和季节性变化。调查海区覆盖了黄、东海不同水文和化学性质的区域,研究重点放在自长江口向东南琉球群岛沿伸的PN断面以讨论陆源输送的物质对中国陆架边缘海的影响。利用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法（HG-AFS）分析砷的不同形态（TDIAs,As^3＋）。TDIAs受河流陆源输送的影响在近岸区域含量较高,并随着离岸距离的增加含量逐步下降。在东海陆架坡折带的近底层水中也存在TDIAs的高值中心,此区域具有低温、高盐、低悬浮颗粒物含量的特征,显示出入侵陆架的黑潮水是陆架区TDIAs另一个主要的源。TDIAs的季节性变化趋势受到长江冲淡水水量及黑潮入侵陆架强度的季节及年际变化共同影响。研究区域中As^3＋的分布特征与TDIAs相反,其含量、分布及季节性变化受到浮游植物活动的影响,表现出与叶绿索含量存在正相关关系。夏季东海陆架PN断面中As／P的化学计量比值约为2×10^3。黄、东海溶解态砷的含量与世界其它海区相近,表明其未受到明显人为活动的影响。  相似文献   

论地壳中砷丰度的不均一性与高砷地下水分布的关系   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

郑焰 《第四纪研究》2007,27(1):6-19

在过去的二十多年以来,世界各地越来越多的地区不断地发现高砷＞50ug/L地下水.饮用高砷水危害到几千万人口的健康,尤其在亚洲.学术界普遍认为区域性高砷水的分布不一定与沉积物源区的岩石的砷含量有关.文章对此观点提出疑问和修正.这主要是基于砷在地壳中的分布与地壳的构造历史有着较明显的空间系统关系.在岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩体中,砷的浓度范围为＜1mg/kg到＞100mg/kg.并且砷浓度的分布不为正态,平均值与中值有差异.砷丰度在晶岩中分布的不均一性主要是由于富砷矿物的含量高.目前岩石中砷浓度的数据较少,不足以用于研究砷异常分布,如异常分布图的制定.但是,高砷的硫化物矿物普遍存在于中国的金矿中,而且其分布与板块碰撞的造山带有密切关系.在日本新近的上地壳中,砷(与锡)的丰度均超出地球上地壳的平均值.这里的砷异常已被解释为源于海相沉积物.因此文章提出地壳中的砷高异常与不均一性成因的假说:即海洋-大陆型碰撞之后再加上大陆-大陆型碰撞的不断富集过程.富砷矿物包括硫化物、氧化物及硅酸盐(较少见).这些富砷矿物在风化之后,被下游的快速沉降的盆地积累,使这些地区较易产生高砷地下水.文章指出两个未来研究方向:源区岩石砷的浓度及矿物学研究,和风化作用及沉积过程的研究,以便确证地表中砷的丰度异常与高砷地下水分布的关系.  相似文献   

三价砷和五价砷对鱼类乙酰胆碱脂酶的体外抑制比较   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

孟昭宇  林洪  王爱青 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(3):471-474

为开展水产品中三价砷的酶法快速检测工作,文中研究了三价砷(As3 + )、五价砷(As5+ )对8种鱼脑中乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)的抑制率。结果发现,在10 -7～10 -4mol/L范围内,草鱼和鲫鱼脑中AChE的抑制率与三价砷的浓度负对数值有较好的线性关系,相关系数都在0 .97以上;在10 -6～10 -4mol/L范围内,黑、马鲛、鲈鱼脑中AChE的抑制率与三价砷的浓度负对数值的线性相关系数大于0 .99。对于三价砷,由IC50 得到AChE的敏感性为:美国红鱼>草鱼,鲫,鲈鱼>黑,马鲛>鲤,白鲢。鱼种不同,AChE受到的三价砷、五价砷的抑制作用也不同。在浓度为10 -6～10 -4mol/L范围内,三价砷、五价砷对8种鱼脑中AChE的抑制作用存在极显著差异(p <0 .0 1) ,三价砷对AChE的抑制作用远大于五价砷的抑制作用。  相似文献