Stress‐dependent hardening and failure surfaces of dry sand     

W. Ehlers  O. Avci 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2013,37(8):787-809

During several triaxial compression experiments on plastic hardening, softening, and failure properties of dense sand specimens, it was found on various stress paths that the size of the failure surface was not constant. Instead, it changed depending on the current state of hydrostatic pressure. This finding is in contrast to the standard opinion consisting of the fact that the failure surface remains constant, once it has been reached during an experiment or in situ. In general, the behaviour of cohesionless granular‐material‐like sand is somehow characterised in between fluid and solid, where the solid behaviour results from the angle of internal friction and the confining pressure. Although the friction angle is an intrinsic material property, the confining pressure varies with the boundary conditions, thus defining different solid properties like plastic hardening, softening, and also failure. Based on our findings, it was the goal of the present contribution to introduce an improved setting for the plastic strain hardening and softening behaviour including the newly found yield properties at the limit state. For the identification of the material parameters, a complete triaxial experimental analysis of the tested sand is given. The overall elasto‐plasticity concept is validated by numerical computations of several laboratory foundation‐ and slope‐failure experiments. The performance of the proposed approach is compared with the standard concept of a constant failure surface, where the corresponding yield surfaces are understood as contours of equivalent plastic work or plastic strain. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Application of FY-2C Cloud Drift Winds in a Mesoscale Numerical Model     

LI Huahong  WANG Man  XUE Jishan  QI Minghui 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2010,24(6):740-748

Statistical tests and error analysis of cloud drift winds(CDWs) from the FY-2C satellite were made by using radiosonde observations.According to the error characteristics of the CDW,a bias correction using the thermal wind theory was applied in the data quality control.The CDW data were then assimilated into the GRAPES-meso model via the GRAPES-3DVar.A torrential rain event that occurred in northwestern China during 1-2 July 2005 was simulated.The results indicate that the CDW data were mainly distribute...  相似文献   

Integration of remote sensing data into hydrological models for reservoir management     

C. LOUMAGNE  M. NORMAND  M. RIFFARD  A. WEISSE  A. QUESNEY  S. LE HÉGARAT-MASCLE 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):89-102

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to present the methodology set up to derive catchment soil moisture from Earth Observation (EO) data using microwave spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images from ERS satellites and to study the improvements brought about by an assimilation of this information into hydrological models. The methodology used to derive EO data is based on the appropriate selection of land cover types for which the radar signal is mainly sensitive to soil moisture variations. Then a hydrological model is chosen, which can take advantage of the new information brought by remote sensing. The assimilation of soil moisture deduced from EO data into hydrological models is based principally on model parameter updating. The main assumption of this method is that the better the model simulates the current hydrological system, the better the following forecast will be. Another methodology used is a sequential one based on Kalman filtering. These methods have been put forward for use in the European AIMWATER project on the Seine catchment upstream of Paris (France) where dams are operated to alleviate floods in the Paris area.  相似文献   

国家气象中心数值预报业务的进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

裘国庆 《气象》1994,20(12):27-34

在最近的１５年中，国家气象中心的数值预报业务高速度发展，预报模式从北半球模式发展为全球谱模式，并配套建立了资料同化系统和用于降水预报的有限区预报模式，暴雨和台风预报模式正在研制中。目前数值预报时效已延至７天，Ｔ６３９３丙上时的预报水平已优于的数值预报产品的应用技术在不断改进，最高（低）气温下两天ＭＯＳ预报精度已接近预报员制作的综合预报结果。  相似文献   

Bifurcation of volcanic plumes in a crosswind     

Gerald G. J. Ernst  John P. Davis  R. Stephen J. Sparks 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1994,56(3):159-169

Bent-over buoyant jets distorted by a crosscurrent develop a vortex pair structure and can bifurcate to produce two distinct lobes which diverge from one another downwind. The region downwind of the source between the lobes has relatively low proportions of discharged fluid. Factors invoked by previous workers to cause or enhance bifurcation include buoyancy, release of latent heat at the plume edge by evaporating water droplets, geometry and orientation of the source, and the encounter with a density interface on the rising path of the plume. We suggest that the pressure distribution around the vortex pair of a rising plume may initially trigger bifurcation. We also report new experimental observations confirming that bifurcation becomes stronger for stronger bent-over plumes, identifying that bifurcation can also occur for straight-edged plumes but gradually disappears for stronger plumes which form a gravity current at their final level and spread for a significant distance against the current. Observations from satellites and the ground are reviewed and confirm that volcanic plumes can show bifurcation and a large range of bifurcation angles. Many of the bifurcating plumes spread out at the tropopause level and suggest the tropopause may act on the plumes as a density interface enhancing bifurcation. Even for quite moderate bifurcation angles, the two plume lobes become rapidly separated downwind by distances of tens of kilometers. Such bifurcating plumes drifting apart can only result in bilobate tephra fall deposits. The tephra fall deposit from the 16 km elevation, SE spreading, bifurcating volcanic plume erupted on 15 May 1981 from Mt Pagan was sampled by previous workers and clearly displayed bilobate characteristics. Examples of bilobate tephra fall deposits are reviewed and their origin briefly discussed. Bilobate deposits are common and may result from many causes. Plume bifurcation should be considered one of the possible mechanisms which can account for come examples of bilobate tephra fall deposits.  相似文献   

Uptake of macroelements by the helophytePhalaris arundinacea L.     

Jean Paul Dubois 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1994,56(1):70-79

Helophytes are often incorporated into biological wastewater treatment plants. In favourable situations, they can take up large amounts of nutrients. One helophyte, the reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), is fast growing when supplied with sufficient light and nutrients. Experiments were carried out under natural climatic conditions in small plastic tanks filled with sand with regular additions of a balanced and concentrated nutrient solution. In the growing season (May–October), plant production reached 10.5 kg m^–2 of dry biomass, of which 66% was in the aerial parts. Maximum nutrient uptake capacity was reached just after flowering and before senescence (beginning of October): 49% N, 34% P, 52% K and 34% Mg of the input was fixed in the aerial parts, which are easily harvestable. The corresponding values for the below ground parts were 12%, 10%, 11% and 11% respectively. Excretion of K and Mg has been observed when nutrients are translocated to the storage organs.  相似文献   

矿山地震研究述评   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

张少泉  张诚 《地球物理学进展》1993,8(3):69-85

就采矿引起的诱发地震活动,即矿山地震的国际研究动态进行评述.重点介绍矿山地震的命名、早期观测与研究、几个主要矿震国家的情况、矿震的分类、矿震的震源机制、矿震震源参数与定标率等问题.还就利用矿山作为天然地震的预报实验场和作为地震技术的推广市场问题进行探讨.  相似文献   

A GLOBAL COUPLED OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE MODEL OF SHALLOW WATER WAVE AND ITS NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Liu Yimin  Jiang Dayong  Yang Meiyu 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1991,5(4):435-441

A global coupled air-sea model of shallow water wave is developed based on coupled ocean-atmospheredynamics.The coupling is realized through the air-sea interaction process that the atmosphere acts on theocean by wind stress and the ocean acts on the atmosphere with heating proportional to sea surface temperature(SST)anomaly.The equation is harotropic primitive one.Response experiments of coupling system arealso carried out SSTA in two categories of intensities.Compared with the results of AGCM simulation ex-periment in which only the dynamic change of air system is considered,it demonstrates that the air-seainteraction between the tropical ocean and the global atmosphere plays a very important role in the evolutionof climate system.The results of numerical simulation show that it is encouraging.  相似文献   

Fast-changing processes in a medium subject to loading as detected by resistivity measurements     

Wojciech Stopiński  Gienadiy A. Sobolev  Aleksandr W. Ponomaryov  Vladimir Los 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1991,136(1):49-58

Making measurements of electric resistivity at 16 s intervals, the authors noticed fast changes of this parameter prior to the occurrence of the main fracture. The changes are superposed on bay pulsations of increasing amplitude and decreasing period. This finding opens prospects for a wider use of an electric resistivity method and proves the high quality of automatic instruments, in particular their high resolution. It also gives evidence for the occurrence of short-period precursors in the fracture zone while the main fracture is being formed.  相似文献   

从模拟实验的结果看底辟发育的力学机制     

Zhang Jiahua 《地球科学》1986,(3)

底辟构造在我国东部沉积盆地中有广泛的分布,并蕴藏有丰富的油气资源。作者模拟了隐刺穿构造的发育过程及其变形特征,从而分析底辟发育的力学机制。实验结果表明,底辟的形成时间和底辟核的形态对底辟变形有重大影响。绝大多数隐刺穿构造。在其顶部都发育一个地堑断裂系,这是底辟构造的共同特征。  相似文献