Possible configurations of the magnetic field in the outer magnetosphere during geomagnetic polarity reversals     

D. M. Willis  A. C. Holder  C. J. Davis 《Annales Geophysicae》1999,18(1):11-27

Possible configurations of the magnetic field in the outer magnetosphere during geomagnetic polarity reversals are investigated by considering the idealized problem of a magnetic multipole of order m and degree n located at the centre of a spherical cavity surrounded by a boundless perfect diamagnetic medium. In this illustrative idealization, the fixed spherical (magnetopause) boundary layer behaves as a perfectly conducting surface that shields the external diamagnetic medium from the compressed multipole magnetic field, which is therefore confined within the spherical cavity. For a general magnetic multipole of degree n, the non-radial components of magnetic induction just inside the magnetopause are increased by the factor 1 + [(n + 1)/n] relative to their corresponding values in the absence of the perfectly conducting spherical magnetopause. An exact equation is derived for the magnetic field lines of an individual zonal (m = 0), or axisymmetric, magnetic multipole of arbitrary degree n located at the centre of the magnetospheric cavity. For such a zonal magnetic multipole, there are always two neutral points and n – 1 neutral rings on the spherical magnetopause surface. The two neutral points are located at the poles of the spherical magnetopause. If n is even, one of the neutral rings is coincident with the equator; otherwise, the neutral rings are located symmetrically with respect to the equator. The actual existence of idealized higher-degree (n > 1) axisymmetric magnetospheres would necessarily imply multiple (n + 1) magnetospheric cusps and multiple (n) ring currents. Exact equations are also derived for the magnetic field lines of an individual non-axisymmetric magnetic multipole, confined by a perfectly conducting spherical magnetopause, in two special cases; namely, a symmetric sectorial multipole (m = n) and an antisymmetric sectorial multipole (m = n – 1). For both these non-axisymmetric magnetic multipoles, there exists on the spherical magnetopause surface a set of neutral points linked by a network of magnetic field lines. Novel magnetospheric processes are likely to arise from the existence of magnetic neutral lines that extend from the magnetopause to the surface of the Earth. Finally, magnetic field lines that are confined to, or perpendicular to, either special meridional planes or the equatorial plane, when the multipole is in free space, continue to be confined to, or perpendicular to, these same planes when the perfectly conducting magnetopause is present.Also Honorary Research Associate, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0QX, UK and Visiting Reader in Physics. University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK  相似文献   

Breaking Criteria for Regular Waves on Gentle Slopes     

李玉成  崔丽芳  于洋  滕斌 《中国海洋工程》1999,(4)

Nelson pointed out that the wave breaking criterion(H/d)_b for gentle slopes(i<1/100),inwhich H is the wave height and d is the water depth at the breaking point,is smaller than that for beachslopes of i>1/100),i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be smaller than 0.6.Goda indicatedthat the wave breaking criterion given by himself is a result based on theoretical study,so it should be alsocorrect and can be used for gentle beaches,i.e.,the value of(H/d)_b for gentle slopes may be still largerthan 0.7.By use of high order nonlinear wave theory,this problem is analyzed in this study and the reasonwhy there is a large difference between different studies is explained.Moreover,the bottom energy loss dur-ing wave propagation is considered and the critical slope for the absence of wave breaking is also analyzed.  相似文献   

洞庭湖区域黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius）种群迁入湖滩后的繁殖特征     

何佳凝  张琛  杨桂燕  徐正刚  张美文  王勇  李波  周训军  黄华南 《湖泊科学》2023,35(6):2101-2110

黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius)是广泛分布于我国的主要农田害鼠之一,2003年三峡工程开始蓄水后洞庭湖湖滩鼠类群落结构发生了演变,黑线姬鼠已大量侵入湖滩,且逐步成为湖滩生境鼠类群落的优势鼠种。动物在新生境中的繁殖状况是了解其对环境适应的关键指标。为掌握黑线姬鼠种群侵入湖滩生境后的适应情况,为其种群动态的预测预报提供科学依据,本文对2003—2020年洞庭湖湖滩和农田生境中捕获的黑线姬鼠繁殖状况进行比较分析,并结合季节动态和生境差异等因子分析了该鼠在繁殖方面对湖滩生境的适应。结果表明:(1)湖滩生境中黑线姬鼠平均繁殖指数(0.71±0.27)低于农田生境(1.21±0.47),在2016—2020年湖滩上黑线姬鼠的繁殖指数为0.99,略高于农田的0.96;(2)湖滩生境较农田生境中的孕鼠在繁殖中偏向有更多的胎仔数,有6只以上胎仔数的孕鼠占比(65.59%)高于农田生境(49.10%);(3)湖滩生境中发现有幼年组的黑线姬鼠参与繁殖,其繁殖指数、参产率、怀孕率及雄鼠的睾丸下降率随年龄递增;(4)春季和秋季是湖滩生境中黑线姬鼠的主要繁殖季节,其繁殖指数、参产率、怀孕率都显著高于...  相似文献   

滩角成因与地形动力特征     

李志强 《海洋地质前沿》2004,20(3):5-9

滩角是海滩上很有意思的一种地形,引起了众多研究者的关注。现在关于滩角的争论还很多,笔者主要对滩角成因和地形动力特征以及滩角与海滩状态的研究新进展进行了归纳总结,以期对滩角这一特殊海滩地形的研究起到促进作用。  相似文献   

Modelling aeolian sand transport and morphological development in two beach nourishment areas     

D. van der Wal 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(1):77-92

The aeolian sand transport model SAFE and the air flow model HILL were applied to evaluate cross‐shore changes at two nourished beaches and adjacent dunes and to identify the response of aeolian sand transport and morphology to several nourishment design parameters and fill characteristics. The main input of the model consisted of data on the sediment, tide and meteorological conditions, and of half‐yearly measured characteristics of topography, vegetation and sand fences. The cross‐shore profiles generated by SAFE–HILL were compared to measured cross‐shore profiles. The patterns of erosion and deposition, and the morphological development corresponded. In general, the rates of aeolian sand transport were overestimated. The impact of parameters that are related to beach nourishment (namely grain size, adaptation length and beach topography) on profile development was evaluated. Grain size affected the aeolian sand transport rate to the foredunes, and therefore the morphology. Adaptation length, which is a measure of the distance over which sediment transport adapts to a new equilibrium condition, affected the topography of the beach in particular. The topography of a beach nourishment had limited impact on both aeolian sand transport rate and morphology. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

SHORT COMMUNICATION­­A field experiment of cusp formation on a coarse clastic beach using a suspended video‐camera system     

Tsuguo Sunamura  Hisashi Aoki 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(3):329-333

Cusp formation was continuously monitored on a manually flattened, plane section of a coarse clastic, microtidal, pocket beach on the Pacific coast of Japan using a CCD camera suspended in the air. Vertical video pictures enabled the examination of the temporal change in foreshore morphologies and swash pattern. Boulders on the beach face appeared to have triggered the formation of beach cusps, which gradually and successively grew up alongshore. In 2·5 h, two well defined beach cusps had developed with a spacing of 2·2 and 2·5 m, respectively. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Offshore aeolian sediment transport across a human‐modified foredune          下载免费PDF全文

Karl F. Nordstrom  Nancy L. Jackson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(1):195-201

Concepts derived from previous studies of offshore winds on natural dunes are evaluated on a dune maintained for shore protection during three offshore wind events. The potential for offshore winds to form a lee‐side eddy on the backshore or transfer sediment from the dune and berm crest to the water are evaluated, as are differences in wind speed and sediment transport on the dune crest, berm crest and a pedestrian access gap. The dune is 18–20 m wide near the base and has a crest 4.5 m above backshore elevation. Two sand‐trapping fences facilitate accretion. Data were obtained from wind vanes on the crest and lee of the dune and anemometers and sand traps placed across the dune, on the beach berm crest and in the access gap. Mean wind direction above the dune crest varied from 11 to 3 deg from shore normal. No persistent recirculation eddy occurred on the 12 deg seaward slope. Wind speed on the berm crest was 85–89% of speed at the dune crest, but rates of sediment transport were 2.27 times greater during the strongest winds, indicating that a wide beach overcomes the transport limitation of a dune barrier. Limited transport on the seaward dune ramp indicates that losses to the water are mostly from the backshore, not the dune. The seaward slope gains sand from the landward slope and dune crest. Sand fences causing accretion on the dune ramp during onshore winds lower the seaward slope and reduce the likelihood of detached flows during offshore winds. Transport rates are higher in access gaps than on the dune crest despite lower wind speeds because of flatter slopes and absence of vegetation. Transport rates across dunes and through gaps can be reduced using vegetation and raised walkover structures. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

爆破荷载作用下露天矿边坡稳定性的突变研究     

周子涵  陈忠辉  王建明  张凌凡  年庚乾 《岩土力学》2020,41(3):849-857

基于二维斜坡平面滑动失稳力学模型,引入爆破荷载因素,建立了露天爆破荷载作用下岩质边坡失稳的尖点突变理论模型。根据建立的突变模型,探讨了爆破荷载幅值和爆破荷载频率对边坡稳定性的影响规律,导出了边坡的动态自稳临界高度,并提出了失稳的判据条件,结果表明：爆破荷载幅值越大,爆破荷载频率越小,后缘裂缝深度越大,边坡失稳的可能性越高;在爆破荷载作用下,边坡的稳定程度是动态变化的,且随着应力波入射角的增大,边坡失稳破坏的可能性不断提高。以大孤山露天矿内的两处边坡为例,计算了边坡的动安全系数及动态自稳临界高度,利用边坡当前实际的稳定情况验证了提出的边坡失稳判据的合理性,为预防露天矿爆破在开挖过程中边坡岩体的动力失稳提供了一定的理论支持。  相似文献   

从海岸滩涂变迁看上海滩涂土地资源的利用   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

陈基炜  梅安新  袁江红 《上海国土资源》2005,(1):18-20,28

海岸滩涂是上海市重要的土地后备资源,其在空间与时间上的表现又不尽相同。利用遥感技术可以分析与调查滩涂土地资源利用的分布与变化状况,为科学规划、合理保护和科学论证滩涂资源提供重要依据。该文针对上海市滩涂土地资源利用现状遥感调查,阐述了滩涂遥感信息的提取过程,讨论了其分布结构、多年变化情况,同时结合上海市可持续发展战略,对海岸滩涂开发利用提出了意见。  相似文献   

福建滨海沙滩保护和利用的建议          下载免费PDF全文

周水  白盛镇 《应用海洋学学报》2022,41(2):209-214

据调查,福建沿海分布有143处主要滨海沙滩,其中已开发利用28处,可合理利用81处,需加强生态保护修复的有21处,被严重破坏已不适宜做海滩资源的有13处。本文在介绍福建滨海沙滩分布及其资源特点基础上,阐述了沿海各地海滩资源的保护与利用现状,分析了主要的资源环境问题及成因,提出了制度建设、资源管控、优化岸滩工程、污染治理、公众宣传、资金保障等有针对性的对策措施。  相似文献