喜马拉雅珠峰地区冬季大气气溶胶化学组分及光学特征     

钟苗  徐建中  张兴华  冯琳 《冰川冻土》2021,43(1):80-91

为了研究喜马拉雅山北坡冬季大气气溶胶化学组分、光学特征及来源,2017年11—12月在珠穆朗玛峰站（QOMS）共采集22个PM_2.5样品。结果显示：PM_2.5中包括水溶性离子（WSIs）、有机质（OM）、元素碳（EC）在内的所有检测成分,总质量浓度为（3.36±1.06） μg?m^-3;有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）的浓度分别为（1.10±0.38）、（0.13±0.12）和（0.84±0.24） μg?m^-3,浓度水平与偏远地区相当,低于季风前。碳质成分（OM+EC）占所有测试成分比例为73.6%,与之前珠峰站报道的研究结果相近。用PM_2.5水溶性组分在365 nm处的光吸收效率（Abs₃₆₅）来表征水溶性棕色碳（WS-BrC）,它与WSOC、K⁺存在较好的相关性（R²=0.63、0.50）,而与EC相关性弱（R²=0.01）,说明水溶性棕色碳可能源于生物质燃烧和二次反应。MODIS火点信息和气团后向轨迹分析进一步表明,尼泊尔地区的燃烧活动是珠峰站冬季碳质气溶胶的重要来源。同时,喜马拉雅山脉独特的局地风场是污染物跨境传输至珠峰地区的重要原因。  相似文献   

Comparative Study of Acid and Alkaline Stimulants with Granite in an Enhanced Geothermal System     

XU Jianan  FENG Bo  CUI Zhenpeng  LIU Xiyao  KE Zunsong  FENG Guanhong 《《地质学报》英文版》2021,95(6):1926-1939

The Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) is an artificial geothermal system that aims to economically extract heat from hot dry rock (HDR) through the creation of an artificial geothermal reservoir. Chemical stimulation is thought to be an effective method to create fracture networks and open existing fractures in hot dry rocks by injecting chemical agents into the reservoir to dissolve the minerals. Granite is a common type of hot dry rock. In this paper, a series of chemical stimulation experiments were implemented using acid and alkaline agents under high temperature and pressure conditions that mimic the environment of formation. Granite rock samples used in the experiments are collected from the potential EGS reservoir in the Matouying area, Hebei, China. Laboratory experimental results show that the corrosion ratio per unit area of rock is 3.2% in static acid chemical experiments and 0.51% in static alkaline chemical experiments. The permeability of the core is increased by 1.62 times in dynamic acid chemical experiments and 2.45 times in dynamic alkaline chemical experiments. A scanning electron microscope analysis of the core illustrates that secondary minerals, such as chlorite, spherical silica, and montmorillonite, were formed, due to acid-rock interaction with plagioclase being precipitated by alkaline-rock interactions. Masking agents in alkaline chemical agents can slightly reduce the degree of plagioclase formation. A chemical simulation model was built using TOUGHREACT, the mineral dissolution and associated ion concentration variation being reproduced by this reactive transport model.  相似文献   

2011~2020年勘查地球化学数据处理研究进展     

左仁广  王健  熊义辉  王子烨 《矿物岩石地球化学通报》2021,40(1):81-93

我国建立了包含海量数据的高质量的勘查地球化学数据库,为矿产勘查、环境评价和地质调查等提供了重要的数据支撑。如何高效处理勘查地球化学数据,并从中发掘和识别深层次信息一直是勘查地球化学学科研究的热点和前沿领域。本文在系统调研国内外学者过去十年发表的论著基础上,对勘查地球化学数据处理方法进行分析与对比,从勘查地球化学数据库建设、地球化学异常识别及其不确定性评价等方面概述了我国近十年来在该领域取得的主要研究进展,包括:(1)分形与多重分形模型由于考虑了地球化学空间模式的复杂性和尺度不变性,在全球范围内得到极大的发展和推广,我国学者引领了基于分形与多重分形的勘查地球化学数据处理;(2)机器学习和大数据思维开始在该领域启蒙,并迅速得到关注,正在成为研究热点和前沿领域,我国学者率先开展基于机器学习算法的勘查地球化学大数据挖掘研究;(3)我国学者需要进一步加强勘查地球化学数据缺失值处理以及成分数据闭合效应研究。今后该领域应进一步加强对弱缓地球化学异常识别、异常不确定性评价以及异常识别与其形成机理相结合等方面的研究。  相似文献   

上扬子地区双河露头五峰组—龙马溪组下段化学层序地层分析     

王茜  黄永建  张治锋  王长红  李祥 《西北地质》2021,(1)

综合地球化学、高分辨层序地层学理论方法,利用双河露头资料及样品分析测试,采用多元统计方法优选出陆源输入强度相关元素组合Al-K-Ti-Mg-Rb-Cr-Zr、自生沉淀强度相关元素组合Ca-Mn-Ba-Co、有机质吸附及还原强度相关元素组合V-Ni-Mo-U-Cu-Zn作为化学层序地层划分指标体系,将双河露头五峰组划分为LCW四级层序,龙马溪组下段自下而上细分为MCL1-1、MCL1-2、MCL1-3、MCL1-4四级层序。陆源输入强度相关主微量元素组合总量在层序界面附近相对较高,而最大海泛面附近相对较低,具有元素总量减少-增加旋回性变化特征;而自生沉淀强度相关主量元素组合总量和微量元素组合总量、有机质吸附及还原强度相关微量元素组合总量在层序界面附近一般较低,在最大海泛面附近一般较高,具元素总量增多-减少旋回性变化特征。  相似文献   

不同地质建造类型的生态环境功能特征——以西昌地区为例     

张腾蛟  刘洪  欧阳渊  张景华  张振杰  李樋 《中国地质调查》2021,7(6):35-49

地质建造背景可以直接反映该地区的形成演化过程、物质组成和地理条件,直接或间接地影响基岩上的生态环境。小范围内生态环境效应由地质建造直接控制,再由不同的气候条件、人类活动进行改造。土壤中的营养元素基本继承于母岩,而气候条件和人类活动同样会对土壤的物理性质、化学性质形成扰动。以中国地质调查局生态地质调查工程之大凉山区生态地质调查项目为依托,以沉积建造特征、空间分布、大地构造属性等因素为基础,将西昌地区划分为11个地质建造单元。通过详细的野外调查和数据分析,对西昌地区不同地质建造单元进行研究,认为建造单元上的生态地质环境存在明显的差异性,地质建造背景直接制约了成土母质及土壤的物理化学性质,营养元素在成土母质和土壤之间的迁移存在明显的继承性。同时,不同的地质建造单元和不同的地理地貌特征共同决定了不同地质建造单元的生态功能属性。研究成果为下一步开展生态地质调查提供依据和思路。  相似文献   

Structural characteristics of the KPR-CBR triple-junction inferred from gravity and magnetic interpretations,Philippine Sea Plate     

《China Geology》2021,4(4):541-552

The intersection of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR) and the Central Basin Rift (CBR) of the West Philippine Basin (WPB) is a relic of a trench-trench-rift (TTR) type triple-junction, which preserves some pivotal information on the cessation of the seafloor spreading of the WPB, the emplacement and disintegration of the proto-Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) Arc, and the transition from initial rifting to steady-state spreading of the Parece Vela Basin (PVB). However, the structural characteristics of this triple-junction have not been thoroughly understood. In this paper, using the newly acquired multi-beam bathymetric, gravity, and magnetic data obtained by the Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, the authors depict the topographic, gravity, and magnetic characteristics of the triple-junction and adjacent region. Calculations including the upward continuations and total horizontal derivatives of gravity anomaly are also performed to highlight the major structural features and discontinuities. Based on these works, the morphological and structural features and their formation mechanisms are analyzed. The results show that the last episode amagmatic extension along the CBR led to the formation of a deep rift valley, which extends eastward and incised the KPR. The morphological and structural fabrics of the KPR near and to the south of the triple-junction are consistent with those of the western PVB, manifesting as a series of NNE-SSW- and N-S-trending ridges and troughs, which were produced by the extensional faults associated with the initial rifting of the PVB. The superposition of the above two reasons induced the prominent discontinuity of the KPR in deep and shallow crustal structures between 15°N–15°30′N and 13°30′N–14°N. Combined with previous authors’ results, we propose that the stress produced by the early spreading of the PVB transmitted westward and promoted the final stage amagmatic extension of the CBR. The eastward propagation of the CBR destroyed the KPR, of which the magmatism had decayed or ceased at that time. The destruction mechanism of the KPR associated with the rifting of the PVB varies along strike the KPR. Adjacent to the triple-junction, the KPR was destroyed mainly due to the oblique intersection of the PVB rifting center. Whereas south of the triple-junction, the KPR was destroyed by the E-W-directional extensional faulting on its whole width.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

东亚夏季环流多齿轮耦合特征及其对中国夏季降水异常的影响分析     

庞轶舒  祝从文  马振峰  秦宁生 《大气科学》2019,43(4):875-894

东亚夏季风成员的相互作用,构成了东亚夏季风高、低层环流的“多齿轮耦合”形态。本文利用多变量主成分分析（MV-EOF）等方法诊断分析了东亚夏季风多齿轮耦合的变化特征、耦合机制、时间稳定性、空间稳定特征及其对中国夏季降水的影响机制,并在此基础上构建了典型多齿轮耦合形态影响夏季降水的概念模型。结果表明,多齿轮耦合受到垂直温、压场的强迫和青藏高原大地形的影响,主要表现在年际变化上（周期为2～6年）。其前两个模态稳定地反映了东亚夏季风成员典型联动作用。在第一模态中,北方气旋、南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压为主要耦合系统。其中北方气旋为正压结构,在高层通过南侧偏西气流与南亚高压耦合,南亚高压则通过中纬东部地区下沉辐散气流与西太平洋副热带高压联动。当该耦合模态增强时,有利于中国夏季降水呈自北向南“＋－＋－”分布。第二模态主要反映中高纬气旋、东亚副热带西风气流、南亚高压、西北太平洋反气旋系统和西太平洋副热带高压耦合特征。其中,中高纬气旋和西北太平洋反气旋为正压系统,两者通过其间的东南气流联动。气旋系统在高层通过南侧西风与东亚副热带西风急流和南亚高压联动。反气旋在中低层通过南侧的偏东气流影响副热带高压强度和面积。当该耦合模态增强时,中国黄河以北及河套地区降水偏多,黄河以南降水偏少。  相似文献   

Geodynamic modelling of the Century deposit,Mt Isa Province,Queensland     

A. Ord  B. E. Hobbs  Y. Zhang  G. C. Broadbent  M. Brown  G. Willetts 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(6):1011-1039

This paper is concerned with an example of quantitative modelling of orebody formation as a guide to reducing the risk for future mineral exploration. Specifically, the paper presents a detailed 3–D numerical model for the formation of the Century zinc deposit in northern Queensland. The model couples fluid flow with deformation, thermal transport and chemical reactions. The emphasis of the study is a systems approach where the holistic mineralising system is considered rather than concentrating solely on the mineral deposit. In so doing the complete plumbing system for mineralisation is considered with a view to specifying the critical conditions responsible for the ore deposit occurring where it does and having the size and metal grades that are observed. The numerical model is based on detailed geological, tectonic, isotopic and mineralogical data collected over the past 20 years. The conclusions are that the Century zinc deposit is located where it is because of the following factors: (i) a thermal anomaly is associated with the Termite Range Fault due to advection of heat from depth by fluid flow up the Termite Range Fault; (ii) bedding‐plane fissility in the shale rocks hosting the Century zinc deposit has controlled the wavelength and nature of D₁ folding in the vicinity of the deposit and has also controlled increases in permeability due to hydrofracture of the shales; such hydrofracture is also associated with the production of hydrocarbons as these shales passed through the ‘oil‐window’; (iii) Pb–Zn leached from crustal rocks in the stratigraphic column migrated up along faults normal to the Termite Range Fault driven by topographic relief associated with inversion at the end of the Isan Orogeny; these fluids mixed with H₂S derived at depth moving up the Termite Range Fault to mix with the crustal fluids to precipitate Pb–Zn in a plume downstream from the point of mixing. Critical factors to be used as exploration guides are high temperatures, carbonaceous fissile shales now folded into relatively tight D₁ folds, fault‐controlled plumbing systems that enable fluid mixing, depletion of metals upstream of the deposit and,in particular,a very wide Fe‐depletion halo upstream of the deposit.  相似文献   

泉州湾表层沉积物元素特征及其地球化学意义     

官宝聪  雷怀彦  林炳煌  柳浩然  史跃中  林建宁 《台湾海峡》2010,29(1):58-65

根据2008年泉州湾调查采集的样品，测定了泉州湾表层沉积物中常量元素和微量元素的含量，采用相关分析和因子分析进行元素组合特征的研究，讨论了它们的分布趋势、相互关系和主要来源，并探讨了其地球化学意义．元素相关分析结果表明，泉州湾表层沉积物常量元素与微量元素含量的相关性明显，表层沉积物成分以SiO2和Al2O3为主，其含量的最高值分别达78．39％和22．02％（m／m），其中SiO2与大部分常量元素、微量元素的含量呈负相关，而Fe2O3、MgO、Cu、Co、Ni、Rb、Pb与Al2O3含量之间呈强正相关．元素因子分析表明，泉州湾表层沉积物的物质来源主要有陆源和生物源2种，以陆源的为主．  相似文献   

Manganese in runoff from upland catchments: temporal patterns and controls on mobilization / Teneur en manganèse de l'écoulement en bassins versants d'altitude: variations temporelles et contrôles de la mobilisation     

K. V. HEAL  P. E. KNEALE  A. T. McDONALD 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):769-780

Abstract

Knowledge of the hydrochemical dynamics of the trace metal manganese (Mn) in upland catchments is required for water quality management. Stream water Mn and other solutes and flow were monitored in two upland catchments in northern England with different soils: one dominated by peat (HS7), the other by mineral soils (HS4). Maximum Mn concentrations occurred at different times in the two catchments: in summer baseflow at HS4 and during late summer storm events at HS7. A two-component chemical mixing model was used to identify the hydrological processes controlling Mn concentrations in stream water. This approach was more successful for HS4 than HS7, probably because of different processes of Mn release in the two catchments and also difficulties in selecting conservative solutes. Factor analysis of the stream water chemistry data set for each catchment was more useful in identifying the controls on Mn release into runoff. The factors indicate that the main source of Mn at HS4 is the hydrological pathway supplying summer baseflow, whereas at HS7 Mn is released during the rewetting of dried peat soils. Manganese concentrations in stream water in upland catchments appear to depend on soil type and antecedent moisture conditions. This has implications for the design of sampling strategies in upland catchments and also for managing the quality of water supplies from such areas.  相似文献