Storm catastrophes in the United States     

Stanley A. Changnon  Joyce M. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》1992,6(2):93-107

A unique historical data set describing the 142 storms each producing losses in excess of $100 million in the United States during the 1950–89 period were analyzed to describe their temporal characteristics. The storms caused $66.2 billion in losses (in 1991 values), 76% of the nation's insured storm losses in this period. These extreme storm catastrophes (SCs) were most prevalent in the south, southeast, northeast, and central U.S., with few in and west of the Rocky Mountains. Storm incidences were high in the 1950s, low in the 1960s-early 1970s, and increased in the 1980s. Losses due to SCs peaked in the 1950s, again in the late 1960s, with a lesser peak after 1985. The areal extent of storm losses peaked after 1975 and was least in the 1960s. The temporal variations of the three storm measures (incidence, losses, and extent) did not agree except when they all peaked in the 1950s. Regionally-derived time distributions of SCs showed a marked north-south differences in the United States with a U-shaped 40-year distribution in the northern half of the nation, and a relatively flat trend until a peak in the 1980s in the southern regions. The temporal distributions of hurricane-caused catastrophes differed regionally with occurrences in the prime areas, the southern, southeastern, and northeastern U.S., each quite different. Temporal distributions of thunderstorm and winter storm catastrophes were regionally more uniform.  相似文献   

人口密度的空间连续分布模型   总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21  

吕安民  李成名  林宗坚  史文中 《测绘学报》2003,32(4):344-348

分析了常用的表示人口分布的方法,并指出了其不足的地方,提出了模拟人口空间分布的必要性,同时提出了模拟人口空间分布的思路。将研究区域划分为一定分辨率的格网,用核心估计方法将人口密度估计值分配到每个格网上,每个格网上的人口是均匀分布的,随着格网分辨率的提高,就可以模拟出符合人口详细分布的人口密度空间连续分布模型,并通过实验说明该方法是可行的。  相似文献   

“地球空间双星探测计划”及其与全球环境变化的关系          下载免费PDF全文

刘振兴 《第四纪研究》2002,22(6):500-509

本文论述了“地球空间双星探测计划”(简称双星计划)及其与全球环境变化的关系。地球空间双星探测计划包括两颗小卫星,分别运行于目前国际上地球空间探测卫星尚未覆盖的近地赤道区和近地极区。双星计划的主要科学目标是用高分辨率的仪器在近地空间的主要活动区探测场和粒子的时空变化;研究磁层空间暴(磁层亚暴、磁暴和磁层粒子暴)的触发机制及其对太阳活动和行星际扰动的响应过程;建立地球空间环境的动态模式。为了实现科学目标,赤道区卫星和极区卫星上各载有8台探测仪器。近地赤道区卫星的轨道是:近地点550km左右,远地点60000km左右,倾角约28.5°;近地极区卫星的轨道是:近地点700km,远地点40000km,倾角约90°。为了使双星计划与欧洲空间局ClusterII卫星相配合,赤道区卫星计划于2003年6月发射,极区卫星计划于2003年12月发射。双星计划与ClusterII卫星相配合,可形成地球空间6点探测计划,这将成为21世纪初国际上重要的地球空间探测计划。本文概要讨论了双星计划与地球系统各圈层的关系,包括与大气圈、生物圈、地球内部各圈层及全球环境变化的关系。  相似文献   

甘肃北山地区南金山金矿床隐爆角砾岩体的发现及成矿规律研究   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5  

沈远超  申萍  曾庆栋  刘铁兵  李光明 《矿床地质》2006,25(5):572-581

地质研究发现,南金山金矿区出露的下石炭统白山组上岩组的部分岩石为隐爆角砾岩,其中厚层-块状变花岗质砂砾岩为隐爆岩浆角砾岩,厚层-块状变凝灰质砂砾岩为隐爆凝灰角砾岩。隐爆角砾岩体呈近EW向带状分布,隐爆岩浆角砾岩分布于岩体中部,构成岩体的内带,隐爆凝灰角砾岩对称分布于岩体南北两侧,构成岩体的外带。经矿床地质研究,提出了新的认识,认为该矿床的形成受隐爆角砾岩体及隐爆断裂构造的控制,金矿体分布于隐爆角砾岩体外带的隐爆凝灰角砾岩及隐爆断裂中;提出了隐爆角砾岩体外带成矿、对称成矿和双层成矿等3条矿体分布规律。采用EH-4连续电导率成像仪进行了深部地球物理测量,测量结果验证了隐爆角砾岩体控矿及其成矿规律。  相似文献   

Equatorial and low latitude ionosphere during intense geomagnetic storms   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G.A. Mansilla   《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2006,68(18):2091-2100

An investigation is made in order to analyse the role of neutral gas composition in the equatorial and low latitude ionosphere during intense geomagnetic storms. To this end data taken by the Dynamic Explorer 2 satellite at 280–300 km (molecular nitrogen N₂ and atomic oxygen O concentrations, electron density and vertical plasma drifts) are used. The sudden commencements of the events considered occurred at 11:38 UT on March 1, 1982, 18:41 UT on November 20, 1982 and 16:14 UT on February 4, 1983. Vertical plasma drifts are the most important contributor to the initial storm time response of the equatorial F region. Neutral composition changes (expressed as an increase in the molecular species, mainly N₂) possibly play a predominant role in the equatorial and low latitude (10–20°) decreases of electron density at heights near F2-region maximum during the main and recovery phases of intense geomagnetic storms. Delayed increases of electron density observed at daytime during the recovery phase may be also attributed to increases in atomic oxygen. At low latitudes possibly a combined effect of O increase and upward plasma drift due to enhanced equatorward winds is the responsible mechanism for the maintenance of enhanced electron density values.  相似文献   

Variations of near-surface atmospheric CO₂ and H₂O concentrations during summer on Muztagata     

Xu Baiqing  Yao Tandong  Lu Anxin  Guo Xuejun  Liu Xianqin  Li Zhen 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(1):18-26

Expeditions during the summers of 2002 and 2003 implemented continuous monitoring of near-surface (2 m height) atmospheric CO₂ and H₂O concentrations at the 4500 m elevation on Muztagata. The resultant data sets reveal a slight decrease of CO₂ concentrations (of about 5 μmol·mol^-1) and changes in the diurnal variations from the end of June to the middle August. The daily maximum CO₂ concentrations occur between 02:30-05:30 AM (local time) and the minimum levels occur between 12:00-15:30 PM. The atmospheric CO₂ concentrations in the summer of 2002 were around 5 μmol·mol^-1 lower than those during the same period of 2003, whereas the diurnal amplitude was higher. In contrast, we found that the daily mean atmospheric H₂O content in 2003 was much lower than that in 2002 and there exists a striking negative correlation between CO₂ and H₂O concentrations. We therefore suggest that the near-surface atmospheric CO₂ concentration is affected not only by photosynthesis and respiration, but also by the air H₂O content in the glaciated region around Muztagata.  相似文献   

GZCORS系统的建设与应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3  

杨光  方锋  祁芳 《地理空间信息》2007,5(3):20-22

GZCORS覆盖全广州约8000km2的行政区域,它是卫星定位技术、计算机网络技术、数字通讯技术等高新科技多方位、深度结晶的产物,可以全自动、全天候、实时提供覆盖全广州市域的高精度空间和时间信息。对系统建设中的关键性技术问题和具体实施方案进行了研究和解决。  相似文献   

典型振动信号时-频分析方法研究     

徐国栋  周锡元  郭明珠  董娣 《世界地震工程》2007,23(2):26-36

首先对比较简单的单分量信号和多分量信号进行时-频分析,对比了不同时-频分析方法(STFT、WD、Hilbert时-频谱分析、连续小波分析)的分析精度。结果表明对单分量信号和可以分解为若干单分量信号叠加的多分量信号,Hilbert时-频谱分析精度最好,WD和STFT次之,连续小波变换的精度最差;由于Hilbert时-频谱分析和WD方法要求信号为单分量信号或可以分解为若干单分量的信号,故其不适用于复杂信号的时-频分析;对多分量信号,STFT时-频谱较连续小波时-频谱精度高些。需要指出的是,当使用STFT方法时,取不同的窗参数,STFT的时-频分析精度相差很大,必须使用合适的窗参数,以取得较好的分析效果。此外还对El Centro波的两水平分量和人工合成的地震动进行了时-频分析,虽然STFT的时间分辨率和频率分辨率存在矛盾,但它对信号的适应性最强,对复杂信号的时-频分析精度一般可以满足需要,而连续小波变换进行信号的时-频分析时,时-频分辨精度最差,且对于大于30Hz的频率分量,随频率的增加,时-频分析的效果和精度迅速变差,说明小波变换并不适合于做时-频分析,尤其对于高频信号,用连续小波变换得到的时-频谱图看起来很粗糙,而且很难准确解释。进一步对比了真实地震动和人工地震动的时-频分布,认为用胡聿贤教授合成人工地震动的方法合成的地震动在时-频域上的分布和真实地震动相似。  相似文献   

天体运行轨道的背景介质理论导引与自相似分形测度计算的分维微积分基础          下载免费PDF全文

阎坤 《地球物理学进展》2007,22(2):451-462

通过讨论天体运行背景介质理论的连续轨道及离散轨道这二个研究方向的基础假设，介绍了天体运行轨道的具体方程形式及理论框架概要；进一步地通过讨论天体运行轨道Binet方程的一般形式及其行星近日点进动角的解，给出了连续轨道理论与Newton理论及Einstein广义相对论的联系与区别；通过讨论天体运行轨道的分维扩展方程，给出了包括太阳系行星、天王星卫星、地球卫星、绕月航天器等在内的离散轨道（稳定性轨道）方程及其预言数据.特别地，作为对天体在较为广泛区域作用曲线的初步探讨推论，指出仅由天体引力难以形成质量密度趋于无穷大的理想黑洞.通过讨论一般函数的分维导数的位置假设及幂函数的分维导数的形式假设，进一步明晰了幂函数的分维导数、分维微分及分维积分的具体方程形式，给出分维导数与分数阶导数的区别，随后讨论了基于一般分形测度的分维微积分形式定义导出的自相似分形的测度计算方程具体形式，给出了其与目前Hausdorff测度方法（覆盖方法）的区别，并对包括三分Cantor集合、Koch曲线、Sierpinski垫片及正交十字星形等自相似分形在内的测度进行了计算分析.  相似文献   

The Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Pc3 Geomagnetic Activity over Canada in 2000, as a Guide to Planning the Times of Aeromagnetic Surveys     

Marc A. Vallée  Larry Newitt  Ian R. Mann  Mouhamed Moussaoui  Régis Dumont  Pierre Keating 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2007,164(1):161-176

Geomagnetic activity affects aeromagnetic surveys. Geomagnetic variations are quite complex and can be quantified in different ways. A measure of geomagnetic activity that is useful for planning aeromagnetic surveys is the Pc3 pulsation index developed by the Australian Space Weather Agency. Purposeful to developing guidelines for planning aeromagnetic surveys in Canada, we study the variations in Pc3 index amplitude over Canada in 2000. This study shows distinct patterns associated with the sub-auroral zone, the auroral zone, and the polar cap. Average Pc3 index activity is higher during the months of February, July, September, and November in the auroral and sub-auroral zones. The station in the polar cap exhibits maximum activity near midday during the summer months. Detailed analysis of a magnetic storm shows that Pc3 index amplitude during the beginning of the solar storm is least important at the polar cap. The mean Pc3 index also relates to solar wind parameters such as the solar wind velocity and the vertical polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field. Analysis of the morning maximum of the Pc3 index observed in the auroral zone can be used to develop guidelines for planning aeromagnetic surveys in Canada and other areas of the world affected by auroral zones.  相似文献