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401.
在高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱(HPLC-ICP-MS)测定不同形态砷化合物的检测技术中,流动相的pH值是一个关键影响因素。以往较多的研究仅关注了pH值对分离度的影响,通过比较分离度的优劣选择一个适用的pH值。本文采用HPLC-ICP-MS技术测定不同形态的砷化合物,以30mmol/L碳酸氢铵溶液作为流动相,研究了当流动相pH值在6.0～9.7范围内变化时,对砷形态化合物保留时间和峰强度产生的影响,从砷化合物的分离度、灵敏度和分析成本三个方面确定合理的分析方案。结果表明:pH值在6.0～7.5和9.5～9.7范围内, As(Ⅲ)、As(Ⅴ)、一甲基砷(MMA)和二甲基砷(DMA)四种形态的砷化合物的色谱峰分离效果较好;pH值在8.0～9.0范围时,随着pH值的增加,As(Ⅲ)和DMA出峰顺序发生了交换;pH为弱酸性时,砷化合物的灵敏度均较高;pH为偏碱性时,分析周期变短,适用于快速分析。碱性条件下,部分砷化合物与色谱柱结合能力更强,被保留在色谱柱内,使得色谱柱的寿命可能缩短。研究认为:偏酸性的流动相条件,适用于超低浓度(如≤10μg/L)的样品分析;偏碱性的流动相条件,具有明显的时间成本和运行成本优势,但要对色谱柱定期维护。 相似文献
402.
区域综合运输成本的空间格局研究——以江苏省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在宏观尺度上,区域综合运输成本是区域综合交通可达性和客货运规模的函数.以县域为基本研究单元,地理信息系统技术为主要支撑,通过对综合交通可达性和客货运规模的综合集成,在宏观层面上对江苏省综合运输成本的空间格局进行计算和分析.结果表明:江苏省综合交通可达性、客货运输量及综合运输成本均呈南优北劣态势,其中可达性双核格局特征明显,客货运输量岛状分布特征突出,而综合运输成本在区域南部呈双核结构,在区域北部呈岛状结构;从分区域角度看,三指标皆以苏南为优、苏中次之,苏北较差,但各指标的分区域均衡性特征略有差别,可达性及综合运输成本均衡性皆以苏北为优,苏中居中,苏南较差,但客货运输量均衡性苏北较差,苏南次之,苏中稍好. 相似文献
403.
404.
In this study, untreated and treated wood fly ash (WA) was used as a low‐cost sorbent in batch sorption tests to investigate the removal of organic pollutants from a real wastewater generated by cleaning/washing of machinery in a wood‐laminate floor industry in Sweden. The experiments focused on the effect of the WA dosage and particle size on the removal efficiency for organic compounds. With a WA dosage of 160 g L?1 and a particle size less than 1 mm, the reductions of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biologic oxygen demand, and total organic carbon were 37 ± 0.4, 24 ± 0.4, and 30 ± 0.3%, respectively. Pre‐treatment of WA with hot water improved the COD removal efficiency by absorption from 37 ± 0.4 to 42 ± 1.6% when the same dosage (160 g L?1) was applied. Sorption isotherm and sorption kinetics for COD using untreated WA can be explained by Freundlich isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic models. Intra‐particle diffusion model indicates that pore diffusion is not the rate‐limiting step for COD removal. Based on the experimental data, WA could be used as an alternative low‐cost sorption media/filter for removal of organic compounds from real industrial wastewater. 相似文献
405.
稀土资源开发利用所造成的环境污染和生态破坏严重制约了我国稀土行业的可持续发展。本文以白云鄂博稀土资源开发为例,在定量分析包头稀土采选冶过程中的废气、废水、废渣等污染物排放情况的基础上,开展稀土资源开发环境成本分析,并以2010年为基准年进行基于虚拟治理成本的定量计算。结果显示,2010年白云鄂博稀土资源开发利用总环境外部成本为11 652.1万元,折合到每吨稀土产品(REO)为2 335元。虽然受数据、研究方法的限制和参数选取的准确程度的影响,本次核算结果具有一定程度的不确定性,但是本研究结果可以为实现稀土资源的合理开发、价格制定以及环境保护提供参考依据。 相似文献
407.
构建了生态治理政策的成本结构指数和过程绩效指数,将生态治理结果纳入绩效体系,形成“过程+结果”的综合绩效评价模型体系。对翁牛特旗的生态治理政策绩效进行了计算：中德合作造林的综合绩效指数为0.877 2,退耕还林的综合绩效指数为0.822 9,小流域治理的综合绩效指数为0.716 9,草原禁牧的综合绩效指数为0.411 2。这四种生态治理政策的过程绩效和终端绩效存在差别：中德合作造林、退耕还林工程、小流域治理项目、草原禁牧政策的过程绩效分别是终端绩效的99.86%、91.76%、84.57%和49.75%。该绩效评价模型是不同生态政策绩效分析的新视角,具有重要意义。 相似文献
408.
应用电子探针研究蒙其古尔铀矿床含矿砂岩岩石学特征及铀矿物分布规律 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
国内外铁矿石价格对标基准多采用离岸价或到岸价,而非盈亏平衡运营成本,难以揭示我国铁矿石所面对的真实市场承压价格。为了厘清国际一线生产商的铁矿石盈亏平衡运营成本价格,本文对世界上最重要的条带状铁建造（BIF）矿产地——西澳哈默斯利盆地高品位赤铁矿矿床的矿化特征及代表性铁矿石产品展开系统研究,同时引入巴西铁四角地区的铁英岩型赤铁矿矿石作为对照,分析全球典型高品位赤铁矿矿石经济指标。结合前人研究成果,将西澳哈默斯利盆地与BIF相关的高品位赤铁矿的富集矿化类型划分为假象赤铁矿-针铁矿、微板状赤铁矿与河道沉积型赤铁矿,巴西铁四角主要为铁英岩型赤铁矿。上述各矿化类型对应的铁矿石产品的铁元素含量均高于56%;在杂质元素含量上,假象赤铁矿-针铁矿的磷含量高,微板状赤铁矿的磷、硫含量较高,河道沉积型赤铁矿的磷、硫含量较低,铁英岩型赤铁矿含锰。经定量估算,西澳力拓、必和必拓、FMG和巴西淡水河谷的铁矿石盈亏平衡运营成本价格分别为34.66、36.76、47.35、38.07美元/干吨,可为中国海外权益铁矿项目开发提供运营成本的参考。 相似文献
409.
Asma Ali Abahussain Anwar Sh. Abdu Waleed K. Al-Zubari Nabil Alaa El-Deen Mahmmod Abdul-Raheem 《Journal of Arid Environments》2002,51(4):521
The total area of the Arab Region is about 14·2 million km2, 90% of it lies within arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. The area is characterized by harsh environment, fragile ecosystems and limited water resources and arable lands. Throughout its long history these lands were the main source of grain and animal production.By the end of this century and in spite of the national, regional and international efforts to combat desertification and mitigate the effect of drought and desiccation, desertification is still one of the major environmental problems in the Arab Region. The rapid increase in population by some 3% annually, considered among the highest worldwide, along with the changing of consumption patterns and life styles, resulting in increasing food demand, have hastened land degradation in this arid environment.Land degradation in the Arab Region due to misuse is widespread and is proceeding at accelerating rates. Failures of resource management policies are aggravated by overgrazing, overexploitation of water and land resources, overcultivation of marginal lands, deforestation, and the use of inappropriate technologies.This paper attempts to provide:
- • A synthesis and analysis of the status of desertification in the Arab Region.
- • Identification of the major causes and trends of land degradation.
- • Highlighting the limitations and constraints on combating desertification in the Arab Region.
Keywords: desertification; matrix of desertification; population growth and urbanization; water demand; cost; future outlook 相似文献
410.
Dynamical and Microphysical Retrieval from Simulated Doppler Radar Observations Using the 4DVAR Assimilation Technique 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Based on a cloud model and the four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method developed by Sun and Crook (1997), simulated experiments of dynamical and microphysical retrieval from Doppler radar data were performed. The 4DVAR data assimilation technique was applied to a cloud scale model with a warm rain parameterization scheme. The 3D wind, thermodynamical, and microphysical fields were determined by minimizing a cost function, defined by the difference between both radar observed radial velocities and reflectivities and their model predictions. The adjoint of the numerical model was used to provide the gradient of the cost function with respect to the control variables. Experiments have demonstrated that the 4DVAR assimilation method is able to retrieve the detailed structure of wind, thermodynamics, and microphysics by using either dual-Doppler or single-Doppler information. The quality of retrieval depends strongly on the magnitude of constraint with respect to the variables. Retrieving the temperature field, cloud water and water vapor is more difficult than the recovery of the wind field and rainwater. Accurate thermodynamic retrieval requires a longer assimilation period. The inclusion of a background term, even mean fields from a single sounding, helped reduce the retrieval errors. Less accurate velocity fields were obtained when single-Doppler data were used. It was found that the retrieved velocity is sensitive to the location of the retrieval domain relative to the radars while the other fields have very little changes. Two radar volumetric scans are generally adequate for providing the evolution, although the use of additional volumes improves the retrieval. As the amount of the observations decreases, the performance of the retrieval is degraded. However, the missing observations can be compensated by adding a background term to the cost function. The technique is robust to random errors in radial velocity and calibration errors in reflectivity. The boundary conditions from the dual-Doppler synthesized winds are sufficient for the retrieval. When the retrieval is mainly controlled by the observations in the regions away from the boundaries, the simple boundary conditions from velocity azimuth display (VAD) analysis are also available. The microphysical retrieval is sensitive to model errors. 相似文献