The soil hydrologic response to forest regrowth: a case study from southwestern Amazonia     

Sarah Godsey  Helmut Elsenbeer 《水文研究》2002,16(7):1519-1522

As a large and dynamic land‐use category, tropical secondary forests may affect climate, soils, and hydrology in a manner different from primary forests or agricultural areas. We investigated the saturated hydraulic conductivity K_sat of a Kandiudult under different land uses in Rondonia, Brazil. We measured K_sat at four depths (12·5, 20, 30 and 50 cm) under (a) primary forest, (b) a former banana–cacao plantation (SF1), and (c) an abandoned pasture (SF2). At 12·5 cm, all three land uses differ significantly (α = 0·1), but not at the 20 and 30 cm depths. At 50 cm, K_sat was significantly greater in the former pasture than in other land uses. Lateral subsurface flow is expected during intense rainfall (about 30 times per year) at 30 cm depth in SF1 and at 50 cm depth in the forest, whereas the relatively low permeability at shallow 12·5 cm in the SF2 may result not only in lateral subsurface flow, but also saturation overland flow. For modelling purposes, recovering systems seem to have K_sat values distinct from primary forest at shallow depths, whereas at deeper layers (>20 cm) they may be considered similar to forests. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

大气物理过程方案对PM_2.5预报的敏感性试验     

李毅  张立凤  臧增亮 《气象科学》2020,40(4):449-457

利用WRF-Chem大气化学模式,选择2015年12月中旬发生在我国的大范围空气污染过程,在采用同样化学方案条件下,针对模式中不同物理过程及其参数化方案开展了地面PM_(2.5)预报的敏感性试验。结果表明:该模式能较好展示此次PM_(2.5)污染的演变过程,与实况也较接近,但对青海经宁夏至内蒙的PM_(2.5)高值区出现了漏报现象,这可能是模式外边界未对污染物做更新所致。对地面PM_(2.5)的预报,各物理过程的敏感度不同,边界层(含近地面层)过程的影响要明显大于积云对流及微物理过程的影响,不同的参数化方案会造成不同的预报误差。边界层过程QNSE和与其配套的近地面层方案的组合是预报的较佳组合;而TEMF和与其配套的组合以及ACM2和Pleim-X的组合则不佳。合理的物理过程参数化方案有助于提高PM_(2.5)预报质量。模式预报对排放源也有适应过程,其Spin-up时间较气象要素长。  相似文献   

不同参数化方案对风预报效果影响个例研究     

孙逸涵  程兴宏  柳艳香  宋丽莉 《气象科技》2013,41(5):870-877

中尺度气象模式对风场的预报效果与参数化方案的适应性紧密相关.以内蒙古高原丘陵地形、江苏平缓的海陆交界地形2种典型下垫面试验风电场为模拟区域,分别用WRFV3.2 （Weather Research and Forecast Model）模式自带的6种物理过程参数化组合方案预报了2010年1月和7月两个风电场区域的风速和风向,对比分析了参数化组合方案差异对风场预报的影响.结果表明：①内蒙古试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;微物理方案WSM3在夏季的风速预报能力优于WSM6,而冬季相反;复杂地形区域的风场预报需考虑陆面过程参数化方案,尤其是夏季降水发生后,陆面过程对于边界层结构的影响增大,选用Noah优于无陆面过程.②江苏试验区,边界层MRF方案描述的边界层结构较MYJ方案合理;1月陆面过程RUC方案优于陆面热量扩散和Noah;7月陆面热量扩散方案优于RUC和Noah.③风向预报6个方案的预报风向统计与实际记录风向统计有较好的一致性,风向概率分布相似,盛行风向一致且稳定.  相似文献   

关于积云增雨和实施方案的探讨   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

许焕斌  田利庆  段英 《气象科技》2005,(Z1)

在综合雷雨云式的积云降水特点和归纳观测及理论结果的基础上,用数值模拟研究了阵雨形成机制,发现雷雨云式的积云结构类似于雹云,也存在着水平风“零域”和成雨“穴道”,大粒子群向这里集中并累积,然后再下泻成阵雨。据此提出了积云人工增雨的动力学根据和设计实施方案的要领,并给出了积云人工增雨作业部位、时机的概念模型。  相似文献   

Relationship between radar reflectivity and the time scale of warm rain formation in a global cloud-resolving model     

Kentaroh Suzuki  Graeme L. Stephens   《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):411-419

The connections between radar reflectivity and the time scale of warm rain formation are examined within a global cloud-resolving model. The parameterizations formulae of auto-conversion and accretion processes in the model reveal specific relationships between the time scale for auto-conversion and radar reflectivity of cloud water as well as between the time scale for accretion and radar reflectivity of rain water. The overall time scale for warm rain formation, determined by combined contributions from these processes, is found to relate with total radar reflectivity in the manner that varies with cloud-rain composition between auto-conversion and accretion limits. The global statistics from the model output reveals that the time scale is closely related with the total radar reflectivity, thus suggesting that the radar reflectivity is a gross measure of the warm rain time scale. The relationship developed is applied to both model-simulated and CloudSat-observed radar reflectivities to compare the time scales of warm rain formation between observation and the model. Comparison of the time scale so derived reveals significant differences between the model and CloudSat observations. These differences suggest that the simulated cloud-rain composition in the model is biased toward larger rain water contents and smaller content of cloud water compared to reality due to an accelerated cloud-to-rain water conversion in the model.  相似文献   

Wave-dependence of friction velocity,roughness length,and drag coefficient over coastal and open water surfaces by using three databases   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

高志球  周明煜 《大气科学进展》2009,26(5):887-894

The parameterization of friction velocity, roughness length, and the drag coefficient over coastal zones and open water surfaces enables us to better understand the physical processes of air-water interaction. In context of measurements from the Humidity Exchange over the Sea Main Experiment (HEXMAX), we recently proposed wave-parameter dependent approaches to sea surface friction velocity and the aerodynamic roughness by using the dimensional analysis method. To extend the application of these approaches to a range of natural surface conditions, the present study is to assess this approach by using both coastal shallow (RASEX) and open water surface measurements (Lake Ontario and Grand Banks ERS-1 SAR) where wind speeds were greater than 6.44 m s^-1. Friction velocities, the surface aerodynamic roughness, and the neutral drag coefficient estimated by these approaches under moderate wind conditions were compared with the measurements mentioned above. Results showed that the coefficients in these approaches for coastal shallow water surface differ from those for open water surfaces, and that the aerodynamic roughness length in terms of wave age or significant wave height should be treated differently for coastal shallow and open water surfaces.  相似文献   

湍流通量参数化方案的非迭代方法研究   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  

李煜斌  高志球  袁仁民 《大气科学》2009,33(4):760-770

基于Högström (1996) 和Beljaars et al.(1991) 的研究工作, 沿用Louis et al.(1982) 和Launiainen (1995) 的思路, 本文采用多元回归分析方法, 研发了一种采用非迭代方法的湍流通量参数化方案。该方案直接用整体理查森数、 空气动力学粗糙度长度和热力学粗糙度长度对稳定度参数进行参数化, 从而避免了通过循环迭代计算Monin－Obukhov长度。该方案不仅有效地节省了CPU计算时间, 而且其计算结果与迭代方案 (BHH方案) 的计算结果非常接近。  相似文献   

RegCM3模式对青藏高原温度和降水的模拟及检验   总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3  

梁玲  李跃清  胡豪然  毛晓亮 《气象科学》2009,29(5):611-617

为了检验RegCM3区域气候模式对青藏高原地区的模拟能力,利用NCEP再分析资料和观测站点资料,采用三种不同的对流参数化方案,对青藏高原地区2006年夏季进行了模拟分析,并重点对温度和降水进行了细致的检验。结果表明：模式能较好地再现青藏高原地区大尺度的环流特征,具有对青藏高原地区的温度和降水分布特征的模拟能力;对于量值的模拟,三种对流参数化方案均模拟出了与实况温度一致的变化趋势,但均存在5~6 ℃的冷偏差;Grell方案模拟的降水量均大于实况,Kuo-Anthes方案对于高原地区的降水量的模拟较为接近于实况,但模式对降水量的模拟能力仍有待进一步提高。  相似文献   

暴雨模拟中积云对流参数化方案的对比试验   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15  

伍华平  束炯  顾莹  胡少立 《热带气象学报》2009,25(2):175-180

利用WRF中尺度数值预报模式,选用七种微物理方案及网格嵌套技术分别与Kain-Fritsch(new Eta)、Betts-Miller-Janjic、Grell-Devenyi（简称KF、BMJ、GD方案）三种积云对流参数方案匹配,对2007年6月1—2日湖南南部的暴雨过程进行了模拟试验。模拟结果表明：选用Lin等微物理方案和三种积云方案,采用20 km的格点分辨率,基本上可以模拟这场暴雨的范围,且采用网格嵌套技术的模拟结果优于未采用嵌套的模拟结果;其中KF方案模拟的强降水位置、强度与实况比较接近;BMJ方案模拟的强降水范围偏大、强度偏强,位置偏南,上述两种方案都不同程度地存在着虚假的暴雨中心;GD方案模拟的强降水范围、强度均偏小。  相似文献   

积云参数化和微物理方案不同组合应用对台风路径模拟效果的影响   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3  

刘惠卿  王振会  金正润  牛生杰  徐爱淑 《热带气象学报》2009,25(4)

利用美国国家环境预测中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合研发的天气研究和预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF),研究了不同积云对流参数化方案和微物理过程方案对0514号台风"彩蝶"路径的影响.结果表明,积云对流参数化方案对台风路径影响较大,KF方案比BM方案能更好地模拟出台风路径;使用KF方案时,选择微物理方案比不选微物理方案对于台风路径有更好的模拟结果,其中,Ferrier、WSM6和Lin非常接近于实况;KF方案较好地模拟出副热带高压(简称副高)的西伸和东退的变化以及台风环流的风场分布和强度.  相似文献