Sponge waste that fuels marine oligotrophic food webs: a re‐assessment of its origin and nature          下载免费PDF全文

Manuel Maldonado 《Marine Ecology》2016,37(3):477-491

It has recently been realized that sponges take up much of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) available in the water of reefs. The energy derived from this DOM is suggested to be invested in renewing the sponge filter cells (choanocytes) every few hours, generating an outflow of detrital particulate organic matter (POM) that is rapidly ingested by other invertebrates. By this DOM‐to‐POM recycling, sponges are proposed to fuel the food web of oligotrophic marine communities, including reefs, caves and deep‐sea environments. In four species studied herein by electron microscopy, the POM found in the outgoing aquiferous canals had a complex composition, with large between‐species differences. It may include choanocytes (0–52%), and also mesohyl cells, such as archeocytes (9–20%) and spherulous, and granular cells with inclusions (27–90%). Exocytosed vesicles also occurred. Surprisingly, to end up into the outgoing canals, the internal mesohyl cells squeezed between the epithelial cells (endopinacocytes) of the canal wall. Mesohyl cells were also able to transfer their inclusions to the endopinacocytes, which in turn extruded their acquired vesicle loads into the canal lumen. The unanticipated abundant participation of mesohyl cells and endopinacocytes in the production of POM appears to be an ordinary process that occurs continuously in the sponges, mostly related to elimination of digestion leftovers and excretion by‐products. Therefore, POM is generated by sponges irrespective of whether the primary food source is particulate (evidence from this study) or DOM (previous literature). Altogether, these results indicate that the cellular mechanisms behind the relevant organic‐matter recycling carried out by sponges are more diverse than initially anticipated. The varying ratios of choanocytes/mesohyl cells in the POM across species suggest that different sponge species may impact differently the energetics of food webs of the respective oligotrophic habitats where they dominate.  相似文献   

松辽盆地西南部砂岩型铀矿中局部排泄源的控矿作用与成矿模式研究     

丁波  刘红旭  刘章月  贾立城  章展铭  黄少华 《地质学报》2021,95(12):3820-3827

随着松辽盆地西南部砂岩型铀矿勘查与研究的深入,构造天窗作为局部排泄源的认识在指导找矿方面效果明显.然而,现阶段对研究区局部排泄源与铀成矿的内在关系研究相对薄弱,尤其是局部排泄源与铀矿空间定位的内在联系以及是否与研究区内发育的板状矿体、双层氧化带与灰色残留体等独特地质现象有关.因此,本文为探讨松辽盆地西南部砂岩型铀矿中局部排泄源的控矿作用,引入地下水流系统理论,提出白兴吐构造天窗局部排泄源的形成改变了原有的补-径-排体系,使得含矿层内存在局部与区域两套地下水补-径-排体系,并在局部排泄源的附近形成了相对滞流区;局部排泄源主要通过改变含铀含氧地下水的运移方向与速度,来影响层间氧化带发育程度与位置,从而控制含矿层中板状矿体、双层氧化带与灰色残留体的形成及铀矿空间产出位置,并依此建立了研究区砂岩型铀矿成矿模式与找矿模式,不仅丰富砂岩型铀矿成矿理论,并指出后续找矿过程中除了继续围绕构造天窗开展勘查工作外,寻找受区域层间氧化带控制的铀矿可能是研究区扩大铀资源的新突破口.  相似文献   

盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾耗氧率和排氨率的影响     

黄东科  梁华芳 《广东海洋大学学报》2012,(4):8-11

利用室内实验生态学方法研究不同盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾的呼吸和排泄的影响.结果表明:不同盐度和体质量对波纹龙虾耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响(p <0.05).盐度为18~34时,波纹龙虾的耗氧率和排氨率先下降再升高,盐度26和30时较小,耗氧率分别为0.1305±0.0105 mg/(g·h)和0.1314±0.0052 mg/(g·h),排氨率分别为0.1733±0.0039 mg/(g·h)和0.1724±0.0044 mg/(g·h).波纹龙虾耗氧量(MO)和排氨量(MN)与体质量(m)呈正相关,而耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)与体质量呈负相关,其关系式可表示为:MO =1.4921 m 0.4190和MN=1.1295 m 0.6988;RO=2.9333 m -0.7343和RN=1.1291 m -0.3011.  相似文献   

温度对条石鲷幼鱼代谢率、排泄率及窒息点的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

陈宣雄  徐善良  沈庞幼  谷江稳  颜付云  邵波 《海洋学研究》2012,30(1):95-101

采用静水密闭式呼吸仪,分别测定了13,18,23,28和33℃5个水温梯度下条石鲷Oplegnat-hus fasciatus幼鱼的代谢率、排泄率及窒息点。结果表明:(1)不同温度条件下,条石鲷幼鱼的代谢率和排泄率差异显著(p<0.05);当温度由13℃升高至28℃时,条石鲷幼鱼的代谢率和排泄率均随之升高;当水温为28℃时,其代谢率和排泄率达最大值,分别为(16.33±0.45)J/(g·h)和(1.03±0.04)J/(g·h),是13℃实验组的6.69倍和5.15倍;与28℃实验组相比,33℃实验组的代谢率和排泄率分别降低了19.04%和15.53%,33℃已超出了条石鲷幼鱼生长的最高适温。(2)实验温度下,条石鲷幼鱼的蛋白质供能比值为37.94%～72.24%,蛋白质是其主要能源物质。(3)条石鲷幼鱼的窒息点为(3.17～3.64)mg/L,并随水温升高而升高。(4)Q10值和蛋白质供能比值的变化特征表明,18～28℃是条石鲷幼鱼的适宜生长温度。  相似文献   

太湖霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri) NH₄⁺-N和PO₄^3--P的潜在释放量     

龚志军  刘劲松  李艳  蔡永久  薛庆举  许浩 《湖泊科学》2017,29(2):389-397

为了研究太湖底栖动物优势种类——霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)对于湖泊富营养化的影响,以温度和密度为模拟控制条件,对太湖霍甫水丝蚓进行营养盐释放的室内控制实验,研究温度和密度的变化对霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放率的影响,根据霍甫水丝蚓铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和磷酸盐(PO_4~(3-)-P)释放率与温度的关系方程,结合太湖霍甫水丝蚓2007-2010年的生物量估算其对太湖水体氮磷的潜在贡献.结果表明,随温度升高太湖霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的释放率均呈现逐渐升高的趋势,而密度变化对霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P释放率的影响均不显著,太湖霍甫水丝蚓NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P年平均释放量分别为1925.5和210.0 t,分别可达到全太湖沉积物-水界面NH_4~+-N和PO_4~(3-)-P的年净通量的19.3%和23.3%,表明霍甫水丝蚓的营养盐释放对于湖泊生物地化循环和湖泊富营养化具有显著的影响.  相似文献   

南亚热带水体7种常见浮游动物的个体氮、磷含量及其排泄率的比较   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

张振华  明瑞梁  彭亮  林秋奇 《湖泊科学》2017,29(6):1455-1463

比较分析了我国南亚热带湖库7种常见浮游动物,萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)、前节晶囊轮虫(Asplanchna priodonta)、颈沟基合溞(Bosminopsis deitersi)、微型裸腹溞(Moina micrura)、中华拟同型溞(Daphnia similoides sinensis)、温中剑水蚤(Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides)和舌状叶镖水蚤(Phyllodiaptomus tunguidus)在温度15~30℃范围内的氮、磷排泄率以及氮、磷含量.氮、磷含量分别为4.9~24.2μg/mg(DW)和51.2~153.5μg/mg(DW);氮磷原子比为11.5~43.0.磷含量与个体干重呈显著正相关关系,但氮含量和氮磷比与个体干重相关性不显著.溶解态无机磷(DIP)排泄率为0.31~2.05μg/(mg(DW)·h),与个体干重呈显著负相关,与温度和个体氮磷含量比值均呈显著正相关.总溶解态氮(TDN)排泄率为24~256μg/(mg(DW)·h),与温度和个体干重均呈显著相关,但与个体氮磷含量比值相关性不显著.排泄的TDN∶DIP原子比为112~352,与温度呈显著正相关,与个体干重和氮磷含量比值均呈显著负相关.结果表明,在高氮磷比的食物条件下,7种浮游动物营养盐排泄均呈现高的氮磷比特征,磷排泄率和排泄的氮磷比的种间差异受个体干重和个体氮磷比影响.  相似文献   

饥饿对二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎呼吸和排泄的影响   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

王芳  王昭萍  董少帅  吕宝强 《海洋科学》2004,28(10):52-55

采用室内实验的方法研究了饥饿对二倍体 (2n)和三倍体(3n)长牡蛎(Crassostreagigas)呼吸和排泄的影响。实验饥饿的时间为2,5,8,11,14,23,32d,实验牡蛎的软体部干质量为M2n=0.347g±0.071g;M3n =0.301g±0.099g。实验结果表明 :(1)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～14d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率增大 ,当饥饿14d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的耗氧率下降。耗氧率与饥饿时间的关系为:Ro ,2n(mg/(个·h))= -0.08 +0.21T-0.01T2-0.01T3,Ro ,3n(mg/(个·h))= -1.97+0.45T-0.12T2+0.01T3;在饥饿2～5d内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎的耗氧率差异不显著(P>0.05) ,而饥饿5d以后 ,耗氧率的差异达到显著水平(P<0.05) ;(2)二倍体长牡蛎在饥饿2～8d内 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,其排氨率增加 ,当饥饿8d以后 ,排氨率则逐渐下降 ;三倍体长牡蛎则表现出饥饿5d以后 ,随着饥饿时间的延长 ,个体的排氨率下降。排氨率与饥饿时间的关系为 :RA ,2n(μg/(个·h))= -16.09 +32.65T-8.11T2 +0.57T3 ,RA ,3n(μg/(个·h))=4.57 +16.07T-5.42T2 +0.44T3 ;在实验的时间范围内 ,二倍体和三倍体长牡蛎排氨率的差异达到显著水平 (P<0.05)。  相似文献   

企鹅珍珠贝耗氧率和排氨率的研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

栗志民  刘志刚  谢丽  梁家群 《海洋学报》2009,31(6):129-135

采用室内实验生态学方法对企鹅珍珠贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究。旨在为企鹅珍珠贝养殖容量(carrying capacity for aquaculture)的调查及育珠生理的研究提供参考,并可为海洋生态系统动力学和贝类能量学研究提供科学依据。研究结果表明,在实验温度(13~33℃)范围内,企鹅珍珠贝的耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)与体重(W)都呈负相关,可分别表示为Y₁=a₁W-b₁和Y₂=a₂W-b₂,其中,a₁的取值范围是1.330~4.128,b₁的取值范围是0.453~0.651,a₂的取值范围是0.150~0.354,b₂的取值范围是0.446~0.634。在实验室温度(13~33℃)条件下,企鹅珍珠贝的耗氧率为0.329~7.303 mg/(g·h),排氨率为0.035~0.489 mg/(g·h),其中耗氧率在28℃时达到最高值,33℃时开始下降,而排氨率则呈持续升高趋势。企鹅珍珠贝呼吸和排泄Q₁₀值范围分别为0.210~2.494和1.193~2.483。在23~28℃温度范围内,不同规格企鹅珍珠贝的耗氧率和排氨率的比值(原子数O/N)较高。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对企鹅珍珠贝的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。企鹅珍珠贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高32.1%和76.7%。  相似文献   

Water Intake and Utilization in Mithun （Bosfrontalis）： Effect of Environmental Temperature,Rearing System and Concentrate Feed Supplement     

D. T. Pal  ;A. Dhali  ;S. K. Mondal  ;C. Rajkhowa  ;K. M. Bujarbaruah 《山地科学学报》2008,5(2):178-188

Seasonal and sexual variations as well as the effect of dry feed supplement on total drinking water intake and its utilization were observed in mithun （Bosfrontalis） - a semi-wild animal found in North Eastern Hill Region （NEHR） of India. In a completely randomized design, twelve adult mithuns （B. frontalis） as per their sex and body weight were assigned in two different rearing systems （free grazing and free grazing with dry concentrate feed supplementation）, and ten growing male mithuns as per their body weight assigned in two different levels of dry concentrate feed supplementation （1.o kg and 2.0 kg dry concentrate feeds on green forage based diet） and in two different seasons （summer and winter）. It was observed that the environmental temperature had a significant effect on drinking water intake by mithuns. Drinking water consumption （per unit of body weight） was significantly （P 〈 0.05） higher in summer than in winter. Supplementation of concentrate feed on free grazing animals resulted in increase in water consumption. Total water consumption （drinking as well as performed water） was found to be 15.18 litres per 100 kg body weight by growing mithun. Feed dry matter and digestible nutrient intakes by growing mithun were observed to be increased with the increase of supplementation of dry concentrate feed. Roughage to concentrate ratio did not affect the nutrient digestibility. Mithun calves drank an average of 4.30 litres water for each kg of dry matter intake. Metabolic water was significantly （P〈0.01） increased with the increase of supplementation of concentrate feed whereas water turn over, which depends upon the body weight of the animals, did not differ significantly on offering of lower or higher level of dry feed. Faecal water loss of growing mithun was decreased with the increase in intake of concentrate feed and was estimated to be 33 - 46 % of total water intake. Excretion of water through faeces of mithun was about 3.8 % of body weight. It could, there  相似文献   

盐度及规格对管角螺耗氧率和排氨率的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

罗杰  刘楚吾  李锋  曾理想  陈加辉 《海洋科学》2008,32(5):46-50

海水温度28℃的条件下,实验室中研究了不同盐度(12,17,22,27,32)对管角螺(Hemifusus tuba Gmelin)耗氧率和排氨率的影响。实验结果表明:盐度、个体大小对管角螺的耗氧率和排氨率均有显著的影响。盐度为12～27时,单位体质量管角螺耗氧率随着盐度的升高而增加,并在27时达到最大值;盐度为27～32时,随着盐度的升高管角螺的耗氧率降低。管角螺的软体部干质量与单位体质量耗氧率之间的关系符合幂函数方程,呈负相关关系;盐度范围在12～27时,单位体质量的管角螺排氨率随着盐度的升高而增加,并在27时达到最大;盐度为27～32时,随着盐度的升高管角螺的排氨率降低。管角螺的软体部干质量与单位体质量排氨率之间的关系也符合幂函数方程,呈负相关关系。不同规格管角螺的耗氧率、排氨率及O:N值随着盐度的升高而逐渐增大,并在27达到最大值,然后随着盐度的升高逐渐减少。  相似文献