工程勘察数据的传递控制与可视化     

张鹏  张在明  杨宇友 《岩土工程技术》2008,22(2):55-59,66

从广义说,工程勘察成果中的很大一部分是通过大量数据的传递与处理取得的。数据传递结构的优化和合理控制是提高勘察效率和质量的保证。讨论了用程序编制的方法实现的数据从平面图到剖面图的钻孔距离传递,利用模糊聚类思想提出的对剖面数据进行合并的建议和利用地质三维软件实现的三维地质体模型的耦合展示,这几个问题正是目前大多勘察单位在数据控制与传递流程中可能欠缺的环节。  相似文献   

氧化锰矿物的生物成因及其性质的研究进展   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

刘凡  冯雄汉  陈秀华  邱国红  谭文峰  贺纪正 《地学前缘》2008,15(6):66

土壤中的氧化锰矿物是原生矿物风化和成土过程的产物,是最具反应活性的一类矿物,决定着环境中许多物质的形态、迁移和转化,在元素生物地球化学循环中起着重要的作用,其形成机制和环境效应备受关注。已有的研究表明,环境中氧化锰的形成与微生物作用紧密相关,微生物作用可使自然环境中的Mn(Ⅱ)氧化速率提高105倍。参与Mn(Ⅱ)氧化的微生物在环境中广泛存在,已知的典型锰氧化细菌分布在变形菌门、放线菌门或厚壁菌门,它们均通过胞外聚合物中的多铜氧化酶来催化氧化Mn(Ⅱ)。细菌氧化Mn(II)成Mn(Ⅳ)是酶催化的两个连续的快速单电子传递过程,Mn(Ⅲ)在溶液中以与酶结合的瞬时中间态出现。生物形成氧化锰的最初形态为层状锰矿物,与δ-MnO2或酸性水钠锰矿很类似,且结晶弱,粒径小,锰氧化度高,结构中的八面体空穴多,因而比化学形成的氧化锰具有更强的吸附、氧化等表面活性。环境中Mn(Ⅱ)微生物氧化及形成的Mn(Ⅲ)中间体与碳、氮、硫等生命元素的地球化学循环的关系令人关注。  相似文献   

Micromechanics of the velocity and normal stress dependence of rock friction   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Weibin Wang  Christopher H. Scholz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1994,143(1-3):303-315

Among the second-order effects on friction the most important are those of variable normal stress and of slip velocity. Velocity weakening, which is usually considered the source of the stick-slip instability in rock friction, has been observed in velocity stepping experiments with Westerly granite. The friction change, , was –0.01 to –0.008 for a tenfold velocity increase. Using normal closure measurements, we observed dilation upon each increase in sliding rate. We also observed, for the first time, time-dependent closure between surfaces during static loading. The dilation that occurred during the velocity stepping experiment was found to be that expected from the static time-dependent closure phenomenon. This change in closure was used to predict friction change with an elastic contact model. The calculated friction change which results from a change in contact area and asperity interlocking, is in good agreement with the observed velocity dependence of steady-state friction. Variable normal stress during sliding has two effects, first in creating new partial slip contacts and locking some existing fully sliding contacts and second in increasing interlocking, for instance when normal load is suddenly increased. As a result, a transient change in friction occurs upon a sudden change in normal load.  相似文献   

三江平原旱田耕作对湿地土壤理化性质的累积影响初探   总被引：4，自引：5，他引：4  

袁兆华  吕宪国  周嘉 《湿地科学》2006,4(2):133-137

在中国科学院三江平原湿地生态试验站综合实验场,对不同耕作年限的湿地土壤(0~20 cm)进行环境累积效应分析。结果表明,随着开垦时间的增加,土壤的理化性质发生渐变,物理性质方面,土壤容重和比重逐渐增大,而孔隙度和田间持水量逐年减少;化学性质方面,土壤pH值随开垦时间的增加而增加,有机质和其他养分则随开垦时间的增加而逐年降低。弃耕后土壤性质有所恢复。土壤性质在开垦初期变化较明显,而后逐渐变缓。  相似文献   

Monte Carlo simulation of mixing in Ca3Fe2Ge3O12–Ca4Ge4O12 garnets and implications for the thermodynamic stability of pyrope–majorite solid solution     

Victor L. Vinograd  Bjoern Winkler  Daniel J. Wilson  Andrew Putnis  Julian D. Gale 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2006,33(8-9):533-544

Static lattice energy calculations, based on empirical pair potentials, were performed for a large set of structures differing in the arrangement of octahedral cations within the garnet 2 × 2 × 2 supercell. The compositions of these structures varied between Ca₃Fe₂Ge₃O₁₂ and Ca₄Ge₄O₁₂. The energies were cluster expanded using pair and quaternary terms. The derived ordering constants were used to constrain Monte Carlo simulations of temperature-dependent mixing properties in the ranges of 1,073–3,673 K and 0–10 GPa. The free energies of mixing were calculated using the method of thermodynamic integration. The calculations predict a wide miscibility gap between Fe-rich (cubic) and Fe-pure (tetragonal) garnets consistent with recent experimental observations of Iezzi et al. (Phys Chem Miner 32:197–207, 2005). It is shown that the miscibility gap arises due to a very strong cation ordering at the Fe-pure composition, driven by the charge difference between Ca²⁺ and Ge⁴⁺ cations. The structural and thermodynamic analogies between Ca–Ge and Mg–Si systems suggest that a similar miscibility gap should exist between pyrope and Mg–Si-majorite.  相似文献   

科尔沁沙地土地利用与耕作方式对土壤风蚀的影响   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2  

张华  季媛  苗苗 《干旱区地理》2006,29(6):861-866

土壤风蚀造成的直接生态后果是土地资源的退化。在春播前两次沙尘暴事件中,对科尔沁沙地几种具有代表性的土地类型的土壤风蚀量及土壤特性进行了野外测定、分析,结果表明:(1)在同一沙尘暴天气下,由于土地利用和耕作方式的不同,土壤风蚀量存在着差异,新垦农地和翻耕农地的风蚀量显著高于未垦草地、免耕农地和麻黄地;免耕农地则与未垦草地的风蚀量相差不大,风蚀危害较轻;麻黄地几乎不受风蚀侵害。新垦农地、翻耕农地、免耕农地、未垦草地、麻黄地两次观测的土壤风蚀量平均值依次为24.59、15.60、2.26、1.46和0.22 g/h.cm2。(2)基于土壤特性计算的土壤退化指数结果表明,新垦农地和翻耕农地发生了较为严重的退化。  相似文献   

Initiation and development of pull-apart basins with Riedel shear mechanism: insights from scaled clay experiments     

Nassima Atmaoui  Nina Kukowski  Bernhard Stöckhert  Diethard König 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2006,95(2):225-238

Typical pull-apart structures were created in scaled clay experiments with a pure strike-slip geometry (Riedel type experiments). A clay slab represents the sedimentary cover above a strike-slip fault in the rigid basement. At an early stage of the development of the deformation zone, synthetic shear fractures (Riedel shears) within the clay slab display dilatational behaviour. With increasing basal displacement the Riedel shears rotate and open further, developing into long, narrow and deep troughs. The shear displacement and the low angle with the prescribed principal basal fault set them apart from tension gashes. At a more evolved stage, synthetic segments (Y-shears) parallel to the basal principal fault develop and accommodate progressive strike-slip deformation. The Y-shears connect the tips of adjacent troughs developed from the earlier Riedel shears, resulting in the typical rhomb-shaped structures characteristic for pull-apart basins. The Strait of Sicily rift zone, with major strike-slip systems being active from the Miocene to the Present, comprises pull-apart basins at different length scales, for which the structural record suggests development by a mechanism similar to that observed in our experiments.  相似文献   

Evaluation of three waterborne polymers as stabilizers for sandy soil     

Abdullah Al-Khanbashi  Shihab W. Abdalla 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2006,24(6):1603-1625

This study reports on waterborne polymer emulsion systems that were used for structural modification of sandy soils. The first emulsion used was a styrene-acrylic, copolymer emulsion; the second and third were vinyl-acrylic, copolymer-based emulsions. Specimens were prepared by adding different polymer emulsions to the sand and water in prescribed amounts. The performance of the different emulsion systems as sand stabilizers was estimated through measurement of the hydraulic conductivity and compressive strength. Measurements of hydraulic conductivity were conducted in a flexible membrane test apparatus. The hydraulic conductivity for the three emulsions decreased at different rates, with an increase in polymer content up to 3 wt. (i.e., % by weight). Additional increase of polymer content did not introduce significant decrease in hydraulic conductivity, and, at 5 wt.%, the three emulsions had essentially the same effect. Measurements made on dry cylindrical specimens disclosed remarkable enhancement in the mechanical behavior of the system. The compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of the examined emulsions increased with a higher concentration of polymer. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the reduction in the permeability and the improved mechanical properties can be attributed to three dominant structural changes: the development of interconnecting ties between the sand particles, the development of adhesion between neighboring sand particles in contact, and the covering of the sand particles with a thin polymer film.  相似文献   

鄱阳盆地构造—沉积特征及其演化史   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

梁兴  叶舟  吴根耀  郑华平  徐克定  张廷山  刘家铎 《地质科学》2006,41(3):404

 鄱阳盆地是发育在江南—九岭和怀玉—官帽基底拆离造山带上的白垩-古近纪张扭性断陷盆地,明显受近南北走向的赣江走滑断裂系和前白垩系逆冲断裂系晚期反转的双重因素控制,呈“两坳夹一隆”的区域构造格局。受赣江、进贤—石门街走滑断裂夹持的南昌凹陷,呈近南北向凹凸相间展布格局。进贤—石门街走滑断裂以东地区,“南断北超”型断陷自南而北由北东走向渐转为北北东向展布,其源于晚印支-燕山期北东向逆冲断裂在晚期的反转作用,西缘和北部受赣江断裂系东枝走滑断裂影响明显而发生转向。鄱阳盆地经历了早白垩世晚期(冷水坞组沉积期)拉分盆地、晚白垩世早-中期(周家店组—南雄组沉积早期)走滑张扭断(坳)陷盆地、晚白垩世晚期(南雄组沉积中-晚期)走滑伸展盆地和古近纪坳陷盆地等演化阶段,东南部断陷区(江埠—二甲村凹陷)由于喜马拉雅期的隆升剥蚀而只残存周家店组早期坳陷和周家店组中期—南雄组中期断陷两个发育阶段的沉积。  相似文献   

基于小波统计特性的遥感图像像素与特征联合最优融合方法   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

肖刚  敬忠良  HenryLeung  王淑 《遥感学报》2005,9(4):381-386

遥感影像的IHS融合方法由于匹配误差导致光谱畸变和退化,而小波变换在变换域具有良好的分频特性,小波系数的统计特性反映了遥感影像的边缘、线和区域等显著特征。提出了基于小波统计特性的遥感影像的像素和特征联合最优融合方法,在IHS空间,对强度分量I的高频部分利用多分辨率小波融合方法进行影像的高频细节特征融合,低频部分选取光谱信息和空间分辨率评价指标作为融合权系数求优指标,进行像素级最优融合,实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。  相似文献