Globalisation and the Livestock Industry in Botswana   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Michael B.K. Darkoh  & Joseph E. Mbaiwa 《Singapore journal of tropical geography》2002,23(2):149-166

The expansion of Botswana's livestock industry in recent years is partly a result of moves towards integration into the global economy. In the colonial period, livestock raising was the backbone of the national economy and in the post-colonial period remains the mainstay of the rural economy. Botswana's export-driven cattle industry has led to the establishment of a well-equipped infrastructure such as marketing and veterinary services, which rank among the most developed in Africa. The industry has much support from the government; hence, the cattle population continues to grow. Even though globalisation has generally had positive impacts on the development of Botswana's economy through beef exports, it has also generated some socioeconomic and environmental problems. Most serious are the continuing skewness of livestock holdings, increasing income disparities between the rich and poor, and accelerated overgrazing of rangelands due to overstocking of cattle by both communal and commercial farmers. The erection of veterinary cordon fences associated with the prevention of diseases and expansion of the cattle industry to meet export demands have decimated large numbers of migratory wildlife species in the country, with deleterious effects on the burgeoning tourist industry. As a result, globalisation is having both positive and negative impacts on the economy of Botswana.  相似文献   

TPOA框架在禁牧政策效果评价与优化调控中的应用——以宁夏盐池县为例     

王娅 《中国沙漠》2021,41(6):179-186

位于北方农牧交错区地形、气候、植被过渡带的宁夏盐池县是典型的农牧生产和生态敏感区。基于农户视角,应用目标-过程-结果-调控四维分析框架（TPOA）和问卷数据,分析禁牧政策的实施效果和适时调整问题,对于全面了解禁牧政策的实施效用、制定相应的调控对策具有一定的实践指导意义,可为北方农牧交错区禁牧的适时调整与草原的合理利用提供案例支撑。禁牧政策实施中,60.40%、55.38%和11.83%的受访户分别采取了扩张型、调整型和收缩型适应策略,农户从事非农产业的比例提高,夜间偷牧现象普遍,存在饲草缺口大、养殖成本高、龙头企业带动力不强、市场监管难等困境。该政策的实施实现了盐池当地草原生态恢复和沙漠化逆转,38.79%的受访户认为禁牧政策确实“达到了”生态恢复的预期目标,60.87%的农户对草原补奖表示满意,46.09%的受访户认为禁牧政策亟待调整,可从提高禁牧补偿标准、生态适宜地区适当开牧、延长补助期限等方面着手。将TPOA框架应用于禁牧政策效果评价中,为评价生态政策的实施绩效提供了理论基础。  相似文献   

气候变化及人为干扰对西藏地区草地退化的影响研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

武爽  冯险峰  孔玲玲  刘子川  姚玄楚 《地理研究》2021,40(5):1265-1279

随着草地保护政策的实施,气候及人为干扰对西藏地区草地退化的影响作用发生变化,明确草地退化的影响因素,评价草地保护政策对草地退化恢复的效用,是合理保护西藏地区草地生态平衡的基础。本文以西藏地区为研究区,基于1995—2015年GIMMS-NDVI及统计数据估测草地退化情况,并通过残差分析及回归分析评估了气候变化、人为干扰各自对草地退化的影响,确定出影响西藏地区草地退化的主要因素,并着重探究草地保护政策实施后,放牧干扰对于草地退化的影响情况变化。结果表明：① 1995—2015年西藏地区草地退化面积在908.52万~5207.06万hm²之间波动,整体呈先降后升,复降再升的反复变化过程,草地退化高值区域有由西北向东南方向转移的趋势。② 1995—2015年西藏地区草地区域气温上升显著,而降水方面未表现出明显的变化趋势,气候因素显著影响西藏草地退化区域面积占比为27.96%,温度主导草地退化的区域主要分布于藏南地区,降水主导草地退化的区域分布较为分散。③ 人为干扰对草地退化影响区域占比在2012年前后大体呈先减少后增加的趋势,放牧干扰在2012年后对草地退化影响减弱,表明草地保护政策有所成效,其中牧业县效果最为明显。④ 西藏地区草地退化的驱动因素以人为干扰作用为主,气候因素引起的草地退化较少,并且为恶化作用。  相似文献   

社会—生态系统视角下农户对禁牧政策的适应性——以宁夏盐池县为例   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

侯彩霞  周立华  文岩  陈勇 《中国沙漠》2018,38(4):872-880

为了保护草原生态环境,2002年起国家全面实施“退牧还草”工程,在草原破坏严重的地区实施禁牧政策。政策实施后,草地生态明显恢复。作为草原最主要的经济活动主体和禁牧政策的最直接承受者,农户对政策的适应性直接影响政策的顺利进行以及生态环境恢复的可持续性。基于宁夏盐池县入户调查资料,研究了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的生态环境效应感知以及对禁牧政策适应能力感知,分析了不同类型农户对禁牧政策的应对策略,探讨了影响农户适应策略选择的主要因素。结果表明：（1）盐池县社会-生态系统尚处于不理想的系统稳态,生态系统恢复明显,但社会系统的适应性较低。农户普遍认为禁牧政策实施对生态环境有很大的改善,但对禁牧政策满意度感知处于中等水平,对禁牧政策适应能力的感知处于较低水平。由于生计方式和收入水平的差异,不同类型农户对禁牧政策的适应性感知差异较大。（2）不同类型农户采取不同适应策略应对禁牧政策实施造成的影响。纯农户适应策略以收缩型为主,兼业户和非农户以调节型为主,低收入和中等收入农户以收缩型为主,高收入农户以调节型为主。（3）农户对禁牧政策的适应成本、自我效能和农户拥有的人力资本、金融资本是影响农户适应性策略类型选择的主要因素。  相似文献   

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China： an Initial Assessment for Conservation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ruth Sherman Renee Mullen LI Haomin FANG Zhendong WANG Yi 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):181-192

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.  相似文献   

禁牧对安西荒漠化草原芨芨草光合生理生态特征的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

赵鸿  王润元  郭铌  刘宏谊  王鹤龄 《干旱气象》2007,25(1):63-66,78

对安西温性荒漠化草原退牧还草围栏建设工程区芨芨草光合生理生态特征进行了监测分析。结果显示,与放牧区相比较,围栏禁牧草场环境中气温和叶温相对较低,空气湿度相对较高,二者环境有显著差异,表明禁牧极大地改善了草原牧草的生长环境。同时,禁牧区草地主要植物类群芨芨草叶片的光合速率较高,有利于其生长和干物质的积累。  相似文献   

In-situ studies of microzooplankton grazing pressure on phytoplankton in Jiaozhou Bay, China     

Wang Yong  Sun Hekun  Zhou Yi 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2004,22(2):162-165

Preliminary studies on microzooplankton grazing were conducted with dilution method in Jiaozhou Bay from summer 1998 to spring 1999. Four experiments were carried out at St. 5 located at the center of Jiaozhou Bay. Chlorophyll a concentrations were consistently dominated by netphytoplankton (net-, >20μm), except during the autumn 1998 cruise, when they were dominated by nanophytoplankton(nano-, 2–20μm). The contribution of picophytoplankton (pico-, <2μm) to total chlorophyll a concentrations (<200μm) varied considerably between cruises. Instantaneous growth coefficients(u) of phytoplankton varied from 0.098 to 1.947d⁻¹, with mean value of 0.902d⁻¹. Instantaneous coefficients(g) of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton ranged from 0.066 to 0.567d⁻¹, mean value of 0.265d⁻¹, which was equivalent to daily lose of 21.9% of the initial standing stock and 58.1% of the daily potential production. Project No KZCX3-SW-214 supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences.  相似文献   

Interactions between suspended organic matter and copepod grazing in the plume of the Hudson River     

Mira B. Chervin  Thomas C. Malone  Patrick J. Neale 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1981,13(2):169-183

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锡林郭勒草原生态恢复工程效果的评价   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

卓莉  曹鑫  陈晋  陈仲新  史培军 《地理学报》2007,62(5):471-480

针对锡林郭勒草原的严重退化, 近年来启动了草原生态恢复工程, 但工程实施的效果由于范围广、时间短而很难予评价。利用锡林郭勒草原地区1999~2004 年的SPOT-VGT 10 天最大值合成NDVI 时间序列数据, 在求得各年NDVI 年最大值(NDVImax) 的基础上, 通过搜寻各像元邻域内NDVImax 的最大值以及与之相应的气候因子, 建立起了像元尺度上的气候-植被生长基准响应模型, 并以此为依据运用相对残差趋势法识别出了处于恢复阶段的草原区域。 最后, 将遥感监测结果与羊单位统计资料进行对比分析, 结果发现, 在县级行政区域尺度上的平均恢复趋势与基于羊单位和NPP 构建的放牧压力趋势具有较好的反比例关系, 初步证明了该方法在时间序列较短情况下的有效性。  相似文献   

Effects of residual chlorine on the mortality, grazing and respiration of Labidocera euchaeta (Copepoda)     

MA Zengling  LIN Hongping  GU Xiaolian  XU Zhaoli 《海洋学报(英文版)》2011,30(2):96-102

In this study,the authors investigated the effects of residual chlorine on mortality,grazing and respiration of Labidocera euchaeta in laboratory.The grazing rate was evaluated by subtraction method of food concentration and respiration rate was measured using oxygen electrode.It was found that the lethal effect of residual chlorine on L.euchaeta increased with enhanced concentration and prolonged duration.The medium lethal concentration (LC 50 ) of chlorine for L.euchaeta in 24 h was about 0.58 mg/L and the safe concentration was about 0.21 mg/L.However,the grazing and respiration of L.euchaeta decreased by 32.6% and 18.9% when exposed to 0.2 mg/L residual chlorine for 4 h.It indicated that the physiological activities of zooplankton could be suppressed by the residual chlorine less than the safety concentration.Therefore,both survival and physiological activities of the organisms living in the thermal (nuclear) power plant discharging waters should be considered when carrying out the ecological risks assessment.  相似文献