Atmospheric river orientation determines flood occurrence     

Helen V. Griffith  Andrew J. Wade  David A. Lavers  Glenn Watts 《水文研究》2020,34(23):4547-4555

Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) have been linked to many of the largest recorded UK winter floods. These large-scale features can be 500–800 km in width but produce markedly different flood responses in adjacent catchments. Here we combine meteorological and hydrological data to examine why two impermeable catchments on the west coast of Britain respond differently to landfalling ARs. This is important to help better understand flood generation associated with ARs and improve flood forecasting and climate-change impact assessment. Analysis of 32 years of a newly available ERA5 high-resolution atmospheric reanalysis and corresponding 15-min river flow data show that the most impactful ARs arise through a combination of the orientation and magnitude of their water vapour flux. At the Dyfi catchment, AR orientations of between 238–258° result in the strongest hydrological responses, whereas at the Teifi the range is 224–243°. We believe this differential flood response is the result of catchment orientation and topography enhancing or suppressing orographic rainfall totals, even in relatively low-relief coastal catchments. Further to the AR orientation, ARs must have an average water vapour flux of 400–450 kg m⁻¹ s⁻¹ across their lifetime. Understanding the preferential properties of impactful ARs at catchments allows for the linking of large-scale synoptic features, such as ARs, directly to winter flood impacts. These results using two test catchments suggest a novel approach to flood forecasts through the inclusion of AR activity.  相似文献   

Monitoring and modelling morphological change in a braided gravel‐bed river using high resolution GPS‐based survey     

J. Brasington  B. T. Rumsby  R. A. McVey 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2000,25(9):973-990

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Entrainment,displacement and transport of tracer gravels     

Peter R. Wilcock 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1997,22(12):1125-1138

The mass and size distribution of grain entrainment per unit bed area may be measured by replacing a volume of the bed with tracer gravels and observing the mass difference before and after a transport event. This measure of spatial entrainment is relevant to any process involving size-selective exchange of sediment between transport and bed and may be directly used in calculations of sediment transport rate using an elementary relation for fractional transport components presented here. This relation provides a basis for evaluating tracer data collected by different methods and may be used to provide physical insight regarding the expected behaviour of tracer grains. The variation with grain size of total displacement length L_ti depends on the degree of mobilization of the individual fractions on the bed surface: L_ti is independent of D_i for smaller, fully mobile sizes and decreases rapidly with D_i for larger fractions in a state of partial transport (in which a portion of the surface grains remain immobile through the flow event). The boundary between fully and partially mobile grain sizes increases with flow strength. These inferences are supported by values of L_ti calculated from flume experiments and provide a physical explanation for a summary relation between L_ti and D_i based on field data. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

天狼星无人机航测技术在河湖划界中的应用     

李涛  高波  张允涛  高佳佳 《测绘通报》2019,(3):151-154

由于河湖覆盖面广、线路长、体量大,同时历史遗留问题较多,采用常规测量手段存在诸多难题。本文结合具体工程案例,通过天狼星无人机航测技术手段,论证了新技术方案的可行性与有效性;阐述了天狼星免像控无人机在河湖划界工作中的优势和高精度航测成果一图多用的重要意义。本文方案对类似工程的开展具有一定的参考借鉴意义。  相似文献   

Study of substrate and physico-chemical base classification of the rivers of Nepal     

JHA Bibhuti Ranjan  WAIDBACHER Herwig  SHARMA Subodh  STRAIF Michael 《地球空间信息科学学报》2010,13(1):70-76

The rivers in Nepal are classified in terms of geographical regions but a more scientific classification such as on the ba-sis of morphology is clearly lacking. This study was done in 9 rivers namely Jhikhukhola of the Koshi system, Aandhikhola, Arungkhola, East Rapti, Karrakhola, Seti and main channel Narayani of the Gandaki system, and two independent systems within Nepal, Bagmati and Tinau. Among the morphologies, river bed or the substratum was taken as the main variable for the analysis which was categ...  相似文献   

A general Lagrangian tracking methodology for riverine flow and transport     

Jonathan Nelson  Yasuyuki Shimizu  Tomoko Kyuka  Scott Charlton 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2023,48(1):87-103

This article presents a new public domain tool for generalized Lagrangian particle tracking in rivers. The approach can be applied with a variety of two- and three-dimensional flow solvers. Particle advection by the flow is incorporated using flow fields from the chosen solver assuming particles follow the Reynolds-averaged flow, although some other simple passive and active particle behaviors are also treated. Turbulence effects are treated using a random walk algorithm with spatial step lengths randomly chosen from Gaussian distributions characterized by the diffusivity from the flow solver. Our work extends this concept to a general framework that is solver and coordinate system independent to allow easy comparisons between differing flow treatments. To better treat problems where detailed information is required in specific regions, the approach includes novel cloning and colligation algorithms which enhance local resolution at modest computational expense. We also provide tools for computing local concentrations and total exposure over a user-specified time interval. Several examples of predictions are provided to illustrate applications of the technique, including examination of the role of curvature-driven secondary flows, storage in lateral separation eddies, treatment of larval drift, treatment of fuel spill dispersion, river-floodplain connections, and sedimentation in floodplain ponds by tie channel connections. We also demonstrate that the model can reproduce analytically derived concentration profiles for simple diffusivities. These examples show that the Lagrangian particle tracking approach and the extensions proposed here are broadly applicable and viable for treating difficult river problems with multiple temporal and spatial scales. The examples also illustrate the utility of the cloning/colligation extensions and show how these can decrease the computational effort required on problems where high local resolution is required. Enhancement of the tools and even broader applicability can be achieved through the inclusion of multiple particle populations and particle–particle interactions.  相似文献   

Seasonal variation and flux of dissolved nutrients in the Danshuei Estuary, Taiwan: A hypoxic subtropical mountain river     

Liang-Saw Wen  Kuo-Tung Jiann  Kon-Kee Liu 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,78(4):694-704

Comprehensive bimonthly field surveys were carried out from September 2000 to June 2002 to study the seasonal dynamics and the inter-annual variability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN; nitrate, nitrite and ammonium) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in a subtropical mountain river system, the Danshuei tributary, the largest urbanized estuarine system in Taiwan. The headwaters were found to be well aerated, saturated with oxygen, with low ambient DIN (<9 μM) and DIP (<0.2 μM) concentration. As the river flows through the city of Taipei, the river becomes hypoxic because re-aeration rates cannot keep up with elevated oxygen consumption, and the concentrations of DIP (7.53 μM) and DIN (390 μM) increase drastically. Conservative mixing was mostly observed for silicate while DIP and DIN mostly showed non-conservative removal characteristics. Silicate originates from weathering and erosion of bedrocks in the watershed, whereas nitrogen- and phosphorus-bearing nutrients come mainly from urban discharges. Ammonium is the predominant dissolved nitrogenous species, ranging from 10 to 1000 μM. The nutrient chemistry is complex and dynamic due to anthropogenic perturbations and reactions in the tidally mixed zone of strong redox gradients. On average, the annual loading rates of dissolved phosphate and dissolved inorganic nitrogen from the Danshuei River to the ocean are 0.1 and 3.2 Gmol/year, respectively, which represent 0.1% and 0.2% of the world's total river discharge of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate.  相似文献   

Input of organic carbon as determinant of nutrient fluxes,light climate and productivity in the Ob and Yenisey estuaries     

Dag O. Hessen  JoLynn Carroll  Berit Kjeldstad  Anton A. Korosov  Lasse H. Pettersson  Dmitry Pozdnyakov  Kai Sørensen 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2010

Spectral light attenuation profiles and concentrations of total and dissolved carbon (C), nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chla) were studied along transects running from the river mouth to the Kara Sea during late summer 2003 for the Yenisey and fall 2005 for the Ob estuaries. Earth Observation data were used to generate composite images of water color and Chla distribution over the estuaries and the Kara Sea to reveal the spatial impact of the river efflux in terms of optical properties.  相似文献   

三江源地区近50年降水变化分析   总被引：27，自引：1，他引：26  

唐红玉  杨小丹  王希娟  史津梅  徐亮 《高原气象》2007,26(1):47-54

利用西北及三江源(黄河、金沙江及澜沧江)地区122个气象观测台站1956—2004年近50年的逐日降水量及月总降水量资料,分析了三江源地区降水变化特征。结果表明:近50年来三江源地区的年降水量呈减少趋势,减少幅度为6.73mm/10a;降水日数的趋势变化呈较为明显的减少趋势,递减率为2.7d/10a;平均降水强度总体呈弱的增强趋势,增强速率平均为0.20mm/d/10a,增强幅度比中国西北地区平均水平强;从4~9月最长无降水日数趋于增长反映出西北地区干旱化的趋势。  相似文献   

阿留申低压次季节尺度异常对北太平洋冬季降水的影响分析          下载免费PDF全文

张露萱  任雪娟 《气象科学》2021,41(5):597-605

利用1979—2018年的冬季逐日气象数据，研究了北太平洋地区冬季（12月至次年2月）阿留申低压次季节尺度变化特征，分析了次季节尺度阿留申低压异常与降水和极端降水异常之间的联系。选择1979—2018年共40个阿留申低压次季节尺度从异常增强到减弱的完整事件，记录下每个位相具体日期运用于合成分析。通过合成分析的结果可知：次季节尺度阿留申低压异常增强（减弱）时，北太平洋海盆区的降水呈现出明显的东多（少）西少（多），同时副热带西太平洋略偏多（少）的分布型。次季节尺度蒸发异常和整层水汽输送散度异常能够解释以上降水异常的空间分布。在阿留申低压异常偏强时，自北太平洋中部向东北延伸至北美沿岸区域内大气河发生频率增加，使得海盆中部向东和东北汇聚更多的水汽，北美西海岸地区更易发生极端降水事件。  相似文献