From mechanical modeling to seismic imaging of faults: A synthetic workflow to study the impact of faults on seismic     

《Marine and Petroleum Geology》2014

Although typically interpreted as 2D surfaces, faults are 3D narrow zones of highly and heterogeneously strained rocks, with petrophysical properties differing from the host rock. Here we present a synthetic workflow to evaluate the potential of seismic data for imaging fault structure and properties. The workflow consists of discrete element modeling (DEM) of faulting, empirical relations to modify initial acoustic properties based on volumetric strain, and a ray-based algorithm simulating prestack depth migration (PSDM). We illustrate the application of the workflow in 2D to a 100 m displacement normal fault in a kilometer size sandstone-shale sequence at 1.5 km depth. To explore the effect of particle size on fault evolution, we ran two DEM simulations with particle assemblages of similar bulk mechanical behavior but different particle size, one with coarse (1–3 m particle radii) and the other with fine (0.5–1.5 m particle radii) particles. Both simulations produce realistic but different fault geometries and strain fields, with the finer particle size model displaying narrower fault zones and fault linkage at later stages. Seismic images of these models are highly influenced by illumination direction and wave frequency. Specular illumination highlights flat reflectors outside the fault zone, but fault related diffractions are still observable. Footwall directed illumination produces low amplitude images. Hanging wall directed illumination images the shale layers within the main fault segment and the lateral extent of fault related deformation. Resolution and the accuracy of the reflectors are proportional to wave frequency. Wave frequencies of 20 Hz or more are necessary to image the different fault structure of the coarse and fine models. At 30–40 Hz, there is a direct correlation between seismic amplitude variations and the input acoustic properties after faulting. At these high frequencies, seismic amplitude variations predict both the extent of faulting and the changes in rock properties in the fault zone.  相似文献   

Estimating aquifer properties using groundwater hydrograph modelling          下载免费PDF全文

V. Shapoori  T. J. Peterson  A. W. Western  J. F. Costelloe 《水文研究》2015,29(26):5424-5437

Estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties is essential for predicting the response of an aquifer to extractions and hence estimating the availability of the groundwater resources. Aquifer tests are commonly used for the estimation of aquifer properties; however, they can be expensive and often only characterize the short‐term response of the aquifer. This paper presents a time series modelling approach to estimating aquifer hydraulic properties. It is applied to 42 bores monitoring an unconfined aquifer within an irrigation region of south‐eastern Australia, and the resulting probabilistic estimate of hydraulic properties are evaluated against pumping test estimates. It is demonstrated that the time series modelling can provide a reliable estimate of the hydraulic properties that are typical of a very long‐term pumping test. Furthermore, the application of the time series modelling to 42 bores provided novel insights into the aquifer heterogeneity. We encourage others to further test the approach and the source code is available from: http://www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral/fileexchange/48546‐peterson‐tim‐j‐groundwater‐statistics‐toolbox Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Estimation of compaction parameters of fine‐grained soils in terms of compaction energy using artificial neural networks     

Osman Sivrikaya  Taner Y. Soycan 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2011,35(17):1830-1841

The determination of the compaction parameters such as optimum water content (w_opt) and maximum dry unit weight (γ_dmax) requires great efforts by applying the compaction testing procedure which is also time consuming and needs significant amount of work. Therefore, it seems more reasonable to use the indirect methods for estimating the compaction parameters. In recent years, the artificial neural network (ANN) modelling has gained an increasing interest and is also acquiring more popularity in geotechnical engineering applications. This study deals with the estimation of the compaction parameters for fine‐grained soils based on compaction energy using ANN with the feed‐forward back‐propagation algorithm. In this study, the data including the results of the consistency tests, standard and modified Proctor tests, are collected from the literature and used in the analyses. The optimum structure of a network is determined for each ANN models. The analyses showed that the ANN models give quite reliable estimations in comparison with regression methods, thus they can be used as a reliable tool for the prediction of w_opt and γ_dmax. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

低孔渗储层临界物性确定及其石油地质意义     

刘震  黄艳辉  潘高峰  刘静静  吴迅达  王菁  张胜斌 《地质学报》2012,86(11):1815-1825

随着油气勘探领域的不断扩展,以现今储层特征为依据的储层评价体系越来越不适应低孔渗储层成藏条件动态评价。由于成藏期后储层物性通常会发生变化,现今储层含油物性下限已不能客观反映成藏期的储层质量下限,储层物性下限的应用意义变得十分局限。作者提出运用“储层临界物性”概念评价储层的新思路,把成藏机制与储层评价相结合,重新认识低孔渗储层的成藏能力。本文提出了3种砂岩“储层临界物性”的确定方法,即①录井资料分析法、②试油资料分析法和③砂岩烃类充注临界条件实验分析法。显然由于成藏期后成岩作用较弱,正常储层的物性特征变化很小,储层临界物性用录井资料分析法和试油资料分析法中求得的现今含油物性下限即可确定;而储层由于成藏期后孔隙度、渗透率的大幅降低,变成了低孔渗储集层,则需要将现今含油物性下限恢复到成藏期相应的临界物性。“储层临界物性”的应用是对传统储层评价体系的补充,只有与成藏结合,动态地评价储层质量,才能客观地区分不同储层的含油气性。在低孔渗储层评价中引入储层临界物性参数分析,能够更有效地评价和预测该领域的储集条件。  相似文献   

吹填土静力触探测试及主要特性分析     

刘举  刘寒鹏  杜东菊 《岩土工程技术》2012,26(3):141-144

天津滨海新区吹填土在形成过程中受重力分选作用及水动力条件影响,加上后期真空固结方法处理,使其工程性质复杂。采用静力触探原位测试手段,通过对实测参数的统计、分析,综合考虑野外钻探编录及室内土工试验结果,将吹填土分为硬壳层、软弱粘性土层及底部砂性土层3个工程地质层。顶部硬壳层及底部砂性土层强度相对较好、层位分布不稳定,软弱粘性土层具有强度低、压缩性高的软土工程特性。吹填土在排水口部位以软弱粘性土层为主,工程性质相对其他部位差。  相似文献   

武昌地区街道尘埃磁学特征及其对环境污染的指示意义   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李永涛  顾延生  曲赞  郭道龙  欧阳锋  顾会猛 《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2012,42(2):499-506,513

对在武昌地区4个功能区域(青山、洪山、东湖风景区、东湖开发区)主要交通街道收集的尘埃样品进行详细的环境磁学测量,包括质量磁化率、频率磁化率、等温剩磁退磁系数以及典型样品的磁滞回线参数等。研究结果表明:尘埃样品中剩磁载体均以亚铁磁性矿物为主,样品中的磁性颗粒呈现低矫顽力的磁铁矿特征,软磁性的磁性矿物是样品剩余磁性的主要载体。尘埃样品χ、SIRM的区域分布特征受区域周围工业、车流量及道路状况等多种环境因素的影响,在4个功能区域中存在明显的磁性差异:青山工业区污染较重,东湖开发区、洪山、东湖风景区次之;硬剩磁(HIRM)的分布可能指示了道路交通来源的磁颗粒特征,东湖开发区和青山工业区由于行驶的货车和重型车辆较多,表现出硬剩磁量值较高。与其他城市(兰州、西安、南京、徐州等)相比,整个武昌地区街道尘埃样品的磁性含量仍较高,说明在城市环境方面还有待于进一步改善和保护。  相似文献   

Sedimentary Characteristics of the Pleistocene Outwash Accumulation and their Implications for Paleoclimate Change in the Midstream of Dadu River,Southwestern China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

TU Guoxiang  HUANG Runqiu  DENG Hui  LI Yanrong 《《地质学报》英文版》2012,86(4):924-931

Ancient outwash accumulations, deposited in Pleistocene with complicated sedimentary characteristics, are discovered in the midstream valley of Dadu River, Southwestern China. Their sedimentation characteristics are investigated for gaining a deep insight into the dependency of Paleoclimate changes in this area. This is achieved by means of detailed site investigation, sampling and laboratory tests (grain size distribution and Electron Spin Resonance dating tests) for two representative outwash accumulations. Based on the present study, several main conclusions are drown out as follows: 1) The accumulations are composed mainly of coarse soils (coarse fraction is over 50%) and very coarse soils (coarse fraction is about 20%–35%, and very coarse fraction is over 55%); 2) The coarse soils are sub-rounded well-sorted and sub-stratified to well-stratified, while the very coarse soils exhibit sub-rounded to sub-angular and poorly-sorted; 3) The accumulations are postulated to have been intermittently deposited in three time periods. This is evidenced by two layers of weathered/residual clay, purple to brick red in color; and 4) It is inferred that the temperature in the study area increased over three time periods, i.e., 280 ka B.P. to 120 ka B.P., 110 ka B.P. to 80 ka B.P. and 70 ka B.P. to 25 ka B.P., and declined twice at 120 ka B.P. and 77 ka B.P. respectively.  相似文献   

碎屑流与浊流的流体性质及沉积特征研究进展   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

高红灿  郑荣才  魏钦廉  陈发亮  陈君  朱登锋  刘云 《地球科学进展》2012,27(8):815-827

受浊流沉积模式(即鲍马序列和浊积扇模式)的驱动和浊积岩思维定势的影响,自1970s浊流与浊积岩的概念逐渐扩大,特别是通过"高密度浊流"术语的引入,以及将水下浊流与陆上河流的错误类比,使得一部分碎屑流与底流的沉积被认为是浊积岩。随着现代观测设备的应用以及详细的岩芯观察,碎屑流(特别是砂质碎屑流)和浊流被重新认识。浊流是一种具牛顿流变性质和紊乱状态的沉积物重力流,其沉积物支撑机制是湍流。碎屑流是一种具塑性流变性质和层流状态的沉积物重力流,其沉积物支撑机制主要是基质强度和颗粒间的摩擦强度。浊流沉积具特征的正粒序韵律结构,底部为突变接触而顶部为渐变接触;碎屑流沉积一般具上、下两层韵律结构,即下部发育具平行碎屑结构的层流段,上部发育具块状层理的"刚性"筏流段。但当碎屑流被周围流体整体稀释改造且改造不彻底时,强碎屑流可变为中—弱碎屑流,相应自下而上可形成逆—正粒序的沉积韵律结构,其中发育有呈漂浮状的石英颗粒和泥质撕裂屑等碎屑颗粒,明显区别于浊流沉积单一的正粒序韵律结构特征。碎屑流沉积顶、底部均为突变接触。浊流的沉积模式为简单的具平坦盆底的坡底模式,而碎屑流则为复杂的斜坡模式。  相似文献   

甘肃省天水市中滩地热赋存特征及成因     

王有权  魏林森 《地下水》2012,(1):14-16

中滩地热田是受断裂构造控制的裂隙型地热田,属低温地热资源,储量丰富,水质良好。本文通过对大量勘查资料的分析总结,阐述了地热赋存特征,分析了地热成因,目的是为后期合理、有序地开发利用地热资源提供依据。  相似文献   

流体性质转换机制在重力流沉积体系分析中应用初探   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

李存磊  任伟伟  唐明明 《地质论评》2012,58(2):285-296

自1950年Kuenen发表"浊流形成粒序层理"一文至今,深水重力流研究取得了长足发展。然而,目前很多学者不仅对浊流理论分歧很大,而且对浊流概念、术语的使用也有不同的观点,这严重制约了重力流的分类及重力流沉积体系的识别。本文在重力流沉积过程和流态研究的基础上,提出了基于"流体性质转换"理论的重力流沉积体系分析方法。研究认为,重力流在形成、发展和消亡过程中不仅存在多个流体阶段,而且存在着多种流态之间的转换。这种流体发育的最终阶段特征决定了重力流沉积体系的形态与类别,而流态共存与转换的特性造成了深水紊流成因的浊积岩与其他流体成因的岩相共存的沉积特征。根据这一理论对牵引流—碎屑流成因的扇三角洲体系、浊流成因的近岸水下扇体系和碎屑流成因的斜坡裙体系进行成因分析与特征对比,阐述了"流体性质转换"理论在沉积体系识别中的作用。  相似文献