震级——频度关系的b值谱及其在地震预报中的应用     

冯德益  田山  蒋淳  大内彻 《高原地震》1993,(3)

本文引进了震级——频度关系的b值谱的概念,给出了计算b值谱的矩方法,对我国华北和西北地区分别计算和分析了以半年为单位的不同时段M_L≥3.0地震的b值谱线。所得结果表明,在研究区内发生6级左右以上大震前半年至一年半之内,b值谱的形态要出现较明显的前兆异常变化,因而可在地震预报中加以应用。  相似文献   

震级特征图特点与a,b值关系     

陈修启  傅征祥 《地震》1993,(3):18-23

本文主要研究了a、b值的变化对震级特征图的影响。当a、b值的变化幅度不太大时,仍然可从震级特征图上识别出最小均匀震级等震级阈值;当a、b值的变化达到相当的幅度后,震级阈值点变模糊了。  相似文献   

Calcium isotope fractionation in coccoliths of cultured Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa     

Nikolaus Gussone  Gerald Langer  Markus Geisen  Blair A. Steel  Ulf Riebesell 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2007,260(3-4):505-515

Four species of marine calcifying algae, the coccolithophores Calcidiscus leptoporus, Helicosphaera carteri, Syracosphaera pulchra and Umbilicosphaera foliosa were grown in laboratory cultures under temperatures varying between 14 and 23 °C, and one species, C. leptoporus, under varying [CO₃²⁻], ranging from 105 to 219 μmol/kg. Calcium isotope compositions of the coccoliths resemble in both absolute fractionation and temperature sensitivity previous calibrations of marine calcifying species e.g. Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophores) and Orbulina universa (planktonic foraminifera) as well as inorganically precipitated CaCO₃, but also reveal small species specific differences. In contrast to inorganically precipitated calcite, but similar to E. huxleyi and O. universa, the carbonate ion concentration of the medium has no statistically significant influence on the Ca isotope fractionation of C. leptoporus coccoliths; however, combined data of E. huxleyi and C. leptoporus indicate that the observed trends might be related to changes of the calcite saturation state of the medium. Since coccoliths constitute a significant portion of the global oceanic CaCO₃ export production, the Ca isotope fractionation in these biogenic structures is important for defining the isotopic composition of the Ca sink of the ocean, one of the key parameters for modelling changes to the marine Ca budget over time. For the present ocean our results are in general agreement with the previously postulated and applied mean value of the oceanic Ca sink (Δ_sed) of about − 1.3‰, but the observed inter- and intra-species differences point to possible changes in Δ_sed through earth history, due to changing physico-chemical conditions of the ocean and shifts in floral and faunal assemblages.  相似文献   

地震安评中地震活动性的统计区域与b值   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

沈建文  余湛  邱瑛 《国际地震动态》2007,(3):1-6

本文讨论我国现行地震安全性评价中,地震活动性研究统计区域的选择及b值计算中存在的问题,提出不一定以地震区带作为统计区域的建议。文中同时指出,累计b值的正确概念应该是无震级上限累计b值,应采用迭代回归计算。文中用实际例子说明作者的建议。  相似文献   

青海省河南县三叠系伊利石结晶度与极低级变质作用     

王燚  杨学俊  白宪洲  叶春林  贾小川  熊昌利  黄柏鑫  罗改 《中国地质调查》2020,7(3):67-74

在开展“青海省河南县托叶玛地区I47E007023、I47E008023、I47E009023、1I47E009024四幅1:5万区域地质矿产调查”时,为验证该地区三叠系变质情况,针对三叠系中泥岩(页岩)的伊利石结晶度做了分析测试。30件样品的实验结果表明: 北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.312~0.537,晶胞参数b₀为0.898 0~0.903 2 nm,判断其变质温度小于350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和沸石相; 南部西倾山地层分区三叠系泥岩(页岩)的伊利石Kübler结晶度指数为0.21~0.318,b₀为0.898 1~0.901 4 nm,变质温度主要分布在200~350 ℃,局部>350 ℃,具葡萄石-绿纤石和绿片岩相。研究认为青海省河南县地区区域变质程度较低,为极低级变质作用或者未发生区域变质作用,且南部西倾山地层分区的变质程度略高于北部宗务隆—泽库地层分区变质程度。这一变质相带研究结论与前人认为的“区域低温动力变质作用及低绿片岩相变质带”不一致,变质程度相对更低。该研究证实了在青海省河南县地区三叠系地层中不存在大面积区域变质作用,仅存在极低级区域变质作用。  相似文献   

地震活动参数b值与地震分维关系的再探讨     

吴小平  黄雍 《地震研究》1998,21(1):88-93

本用最大似然法对云南省几个不同地区大震发生前后时期的ｂ值进行了扫描,并用数盒子法和相关函数法计算了相应时期内地震震中分布的容量Ｄ０,信息维Ｄ１和关联维Ｄ２的随时间变化,用最小二乘法拟合了不同地区ｂ值与各阶段分维值的关系,发现各阶分维与ｂ值均有正的线性相关关系,此结果与ＡＫｉ从理论上推出的Ｄ＝２ｂ基本一致,本从分维与ｂ值的物理实质对所得结果进行了分析和探讨。  相似文献   

A model that helps explain Sr-isotope disequilibrium between feldspar phenocrysts and melt in large-volume silicic magma systems     

Wendell A. Duffield  Joaquin Ruiz   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

Feldspar phenocrysts of silicic volcanic rocks are commonly in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium with groundmass. In some cases the feldspar is more radiogenic, and in others it is less radiogenic. Several explanations have been published previously, but none of these is able to accommodate both senses of disequilibrium. We present a model by which either more- or less-radiogenic feldspar (or even both within a single eruptive unit) can originate. The model requires a magma body open to interaction with biotite- and feldspar-bearing wall rock. Magma is incrementally contaminated as wall rock melts incongruently. Biotite preferentially melts first, followed by feldspar. Such melting behavior, which is supported by both field and experimental studies, first contaminates magma with a relatively radiogenic addition, followed by a less-radiogenic addition. Feldspar phenocrysts lag behind melt (groundmass of volcanic rock) in incorporating the influx of contaminant, thus resulting in Sr-isotopic disequilibrium between the crystals and melt. The sense of disequilibrium recorded in a volcanic rock depends on when eruption quenches the contamination process. This model is testable by isotopic fingerprinting of individual feldspar crystals. For a given set of geologic boundary conditions, specific core-to-rim Sr-isotopic profiles are expectable. Moreover, phenocrysts that nucleate at different times during the contamination process should record different and predictable parts of the history. Initial results of Sr-isotopic fingerprinting of sanidine phenocrysts from the Taylor Creek Rhyolite are consistent with the model. More tests of the model are desirable.  相似文献   

Volcanic plume simulation on large scales     

Josef M. Oberhuber  Michael Herzog  Hans-F. Graf  Karsten Schwanke 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

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The role of magma composition and water content in explosive eruptions: 1. Conduit ascent dynamics     

Paolo Papale  Augusto Neri  Giovanni Macedonio   《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

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Chromite in the Paricutin lava flows (1943–1952)     

Victoria Bannister  Peter Roeder  Alexei Poustovetov 《Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research》1998,87(1-4)

Small euhedral chromite crystals are found in olivine macrophenocrysts (Fo_80–84) from the basaltic andesites (150 ppm Cr) erupted in 1943–1947, and in orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts of the andesites (75 ppm Cr) erupted in 1947–1952. The majority of the chromite octahedra are 5–20 μm in diameter, and some are found in clusters and linear chains of three or more oriented chromite crystals. The composition of the majority of the chromite grains within olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts is Fe²⁺/(Fe²⁺+Mg)=0.5–0.6, Cr/(Cr+Al)=0.5–0.6 and Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺+Al+Cr)=0.2–0.3. The chromite crystals in contact with the groundmass are larger, subhedral, and grade in composition from chromite cores to magnetite rims. Comparison of the composition of chromite with those of other volcanic rocks shows that the most primitive Paricutin chromite is richer in total iron and higher in Fe³⁺/(Fe³⁺+Al+Cr) than primary chromite in most lavas. The linear chains of oriented chromite octahedra are found in olivine and orthopyroxene macrophenocrysts, and in the groundmass. These chromite chains are thought to result from diffusion-controlled crystallization because of the very high partition coefficient (1000) of Cr between chromite and melt. We conclude that chromite was a primary phase in the lavas at the time of extrusion and that magnetite only crystallized after extrusion during cooling of the lava flows. The presence of chromite microphenocrysts in andesitic lavas containing as little as 70 ppm Cr can be explained by dissolved H₂O in the melt depressing the liquidus temperature for orthopyroxene such that chromite becomes a liquidus phase. The influence of dissolved H₂O can also explain the lack of plagioclase macrophenocrysts in most of the lavas and the relatively high partition coefficient (20) of Ni between olivine and melt and the high partition coefficient (40) of Cr between orthopyroxene and melt. The liquidus temperature of the basaltic andesite is estimated to have been less than 1140°C, assuming H₂O>1 wt.%, and the log f_O2 to have been above that of the QFM buffer. The chromite and orthopyroxene liquidus temperature of the andesites, assuming H₂O>1 wt.%, is estimated to have been 1100°C or less. The derivation of the later andesites from the earlier basaltic andesites has been explained by a combination of fractional crystallization of olivine, orthopyroxene and plagioclase, and assimilation of xenoliths. The significantly lower Cr, Ni and Mg of the andesites may have been in part due to the separation of olivine macrophenocrysts plus enclosed chromite crystals from the earlier basaltic andesites.  相似文献