声学光学法泥沙浓度观测的对比研究          下载免费PDF全文

胡捷  徐继尚  牛建伟  董平  秦宽宽 《海岸工程》2016,35(1):47-57

根据光学后散射传感器(Optical Backscatter Sensor,OBS)和声学后散射传感器(Acoustic Backscatting Sensor,ABS)估算悬浮沉积物质量浓度(Suspended sediment concentration,SSC)的原理,在水槽实验室不同波况产生较高悬浮沉积物质量浓度的条件下运用OBS仪器ASM-IV(激光边界层泥沙剖面仪)和ABS仪器AQUAscat1000(多频声学悬沙剖面仪)观测并记录数据。然后用水槽实验抽取的水样标定光学和声学仪器,反演得到高精度的垂向泥沙浓度分布剖面。结果表明,OBS仪器ASM-IV上的不同光学探头测得的浊度与SSC可以用同一个线性关系描述,相关系数高达0.996,进而能够高精度(垂向间距1cm)地反演垂向的SSC剖面;对于本组水槽实验的粉土底质和不同的波况而言,声学仪器比光学仪器的量测精度低;不同频率声学仪器换能器的量测值可相差几个数量级,不同波况条件下的声学仪器反演值与实测SSC的相关性系数在0.716~0.974变化。  相似文献   

揭开南岭地壳形成演化之谜     

杨文采 《地质论评》2016,62(2):257-266

南岭的形成演化目前尚不清楚,作为板内造山的一个典型,研究南岭地区的地壳构造对大陆动力学有重要意义。本文对南岭地区重力异常进行了多尺度密度反演,首先利用小波变换对重力异常进行多尺度分解,接着利用功率谱分析方法估算各等效层场源的平均深度,然后利用广义线性反演方法进行各层密度反演,取得区域地壳多个深度上的密度扰动图像。用小波变换多尺度分析和三维密度结构反演确定了南岭中上地壳存在独立的构造单元,它具有低密度性质,反映区域规模的大花岗岩基。南岭中上地壳的构造单元位于北纬24°～26°,东经100°～116°,深达22 km左右。深度22 km以下南岭地壳低密度带与武夷低密度带连通为武夷—云开构造带。南岭最终形成与100 Ma以前特提斯洋俯冲和亚欧板块与加里曼丹地体的陆岛碰撞直接有关。同期发生的区域规模的燕山晚期南岭花岗岩基对应特提斯洋向华南俯冲的第二岩浆带。基于地球物理资料提出的这个陆岛俯冲碰撞假说能否成立,还需要更多岩石学的直接证据证实。  相似文献   

多角度卫星影像的DEM制作     

贾世真  赵伟亮 《测绘与空间地理信息》2016,(6):145-147

随着卫星传感器的不断发展,不同传感器的应用也随之更加广泛,其中可以进行单轨立体测绘的多角度影像产品的发布为DEM生产提供了更多选择。由于多角度观测卫星可同时提供多角度观测数据,提供立体像对,从而可以在较少的信息中提取较高精度的DEM产品。本文基于Carto SAT-1卫星获取的多角度卫星影像,对DEM生产方法进行了论述,对其发展前景做了展望。  相似文献   

High‐Precision Measurement of Molybdenum Isotopic Compositions of Selected Geochemical Reference Materials          下载免费PDF全文

Jin Li  Xiang‐kun Zhu  Suo‐han Tang  Kan Zhang 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2016,40(3):405-415

Here we describe high‐precision molybdenum isotopic composition measurements of geological reference materials, performed using multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (MC‐ICP‐MS). Purification of Mo for isotopic measurements was achieved by ion exchange chromatography using Bio‐Rad AG^® 1‐X8 anion exchange resin. Instrumental mass bias was corrected using ¹⁰⁰Mo‐⁹⁷Mo double spiking techniques. The precision under intermediate measurement conditions (eighteen measurement sessions over 20 months) in terms of δ^98/95Mo was 0.10‰ (2s). The measurement output was approximately four times more efficient than previous techniques, with no compromise in precision. The Mo isotopic compositions of seven geochemical reference materials, seawater (IAPSO), manganese nodules (NOD‐P‐1 and NOD‐A‐1), copper‐molybdenum ore (HV‐2), basalt (BCR‐2) and shale (SGR‐1b and SCo‐1), were measured. δ^98/95Mo values were obtained for IAPSO (2.25 ± 0.09‰), NOD‐P‐1 (?0.66 ± 0.05‰), NOD‐A‐1 (?0.48 ± 0.05‰), HV‐2 (?0.23 ± 0.10‰), BCR‐2 (0.21 ± 0.07‰), SCo‐1 (?0.24 ± 0.06‰) and SGR‐1b (0.63 ± 0.02‰) by calculating δ^98/95Mo relative to NIST SRM 3134 (0.25‰, 2s). The molybdenum isotopic compositions of IAPSO, NOD‐A‐1 and NOD‐P‐1 obtained in this study are within error of the compositions reported previously. Molybdenum isotopic compositions for BCR‐2, SCo‐1 and SGR‐1b are reported for the first time.  相似文献   

山东省多模式强降水落区预报检验     

曲巧娜  盛春岩  车军辉  荣艳敏  范苏丹  肖明静 《气象科技》2016,44(3):392-399

由于模式对于强降水落区预报有一定的偏差,TS评分不能完美的刻画模式预报强降水的问题,制定了强降水落区偏离程度的检验方法,基于此种方法对多模式(EnWRF、WRF-RUC、T639和EC-thin)山东省2014、2015年5—9月16次强降水过程预报的降水落区形态进行检验。结果表明:除了副高摆动引起的局地强对流天气外,其他过程模式预报均有指示意义,其中预报效果最好的是EnWRF和EC-thin,降水落区的形态与实况的相似度极高,并且表现出一定的互补性。多数情况下,模式预报的强降水中心整体比实况偏小,EC-thin和EnWRF漏报次数最少、准确次数最多,T639次之,WRF-RUC漏报次数最多并且准确次数最少。对于预报有偏离的过程,各模式整体雨区的偏离方向大多偏西或偏北。  相似文献   

Local buzz,global pipelines,or simply too much buzz? A critical study     

《Geoforum》2016

The conceptual framework of local buzz and global pipelines has received much attention. It suggests that regional collaboration (local buzz) in particular will induce value creation if combined with international collaboration (global pipelines). Here, we analyze national data from Norway and find that both regional and international collaboration can foster product innovation. However, for medium-sized enterprises, we only found a substitution effect from combining regional and international collaboration. For small enterprises, there was even a subtractive effect. For large enterprises, we found an additive effect, and for very large enterprises, there was a multiplicative effect. It thus appears that large enterprises have an increased absorptive capacity in handling both regional and international collaboration. We conclude that the local buzz and global pipelines proposition is rejected for small and medium-sized enterprises, and gains partial to full support for large and very large enterprises.  相似文献   

Calcium Carbonate and Phosphate Reference Materials for Monitoring Bulk and Microanalytical Determination of Sr Isotopes          下载免费PDF全文

Michael Weber  Federico Lugli  Klaus Peter Jochum  Anna Cipriani  Denis Scholz 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2018,42(1):77-89

In situ laser ablation analyses rely on the microanalytical homogeneity of reference materials (RMs) and a similar matrix and mass fraction between unknown samples and RMs to obtain reliable results. Suitable carbonate and phosphate RMs for determination of Sr isotope ratios in such materials are limited. Thus, we determined ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of several carbonate (JCt‐1, JCp‐1, MACS‐1, MACS‐3) and phosphate (MAPS‐4, MAPS‐5, NIST SRM 1400, NIST SRM 1486) international RMs using dissolved samples and two different multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometers (MC‐ICP‐MS). Our Sr isotope data are in agreement with published data and have an improved measurement precision for some RMs. For MACS‐1, we present the first ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value. We tested the suitability of these materials for microanalytical analyses by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS, with two different laser ablation systems: a conventional nanosecond laser and a state‐of‐the‐art femtosecond laser. We investigated the RMs micro‐homogeneity and compared the data with our solution data. Both laser ablation systems yielded identical ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios within uncertainty to the solution data for RMs with low interferences of REEs. Therefore, these carbonate and phosphate RMs can be used to achieve accurate and precise results for in situ Sr isotope investigations by LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS of similar materials.  相似文献   

Metamorphism and kinematics of the early deformation in the Variscan suture of SW Iberia     

C. PONCE  J. F. SIMANCAS  A. AZOR  D. J. MARTÍNEZ POYATOS  G. BOOTH‐REA  I. EXPÓSITO 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2012,30(7):625-638

The early (Devonian) collisional stage in SW Iberia has been investigated through the analysis of deformation in the Cubito‐Moura schists, the main lithology of an Allochthonous Complex putatively rooted in the suture between the Ossa‐Morena and South Portuguese zones. The first deformation in these schists (D₁) is recorded as a S₁‐L₁ mylonitic fabric well preserved in early quartz veins. Subsequent D₂ deformation caused the main folds and the main (S₂) foliation. After restoration, the stretching lineation (L₁) trends at a small angle with the Ossa‐Morena/South Portuguese suture. This trend, together with the top‐to‐the‐east kinematics determined from quartz microfabric is indicative of an oblique left‐lateral collisional scenario in SW Iberia. Chlorite–white K‐mica–quartz ± chloritoid multi‐equilibrium calculations yield P–T conditions in the range 0.9–1.2 GPa and 300–400 °C, during the first collisional stage. P–T conditions during D₂ were 0.3–0.8 GPa and 400–450 °C, thus indicating an important stage of exhumation of the Allochthonous Complex during these two collisional events, after subduction of the Ossa‐Morena Zone margin under the South Portuguese Zone continental crust. In the general context of the Variscan orogen, dominated by dextral collision, the left‐lateral convergence in SW Iberia can be explained in terms of the Avalonian salient represented by the South Portuguese Zone, which would impinge between Iberia and Morocco.  相似文献   

Combining MODIS and AMSR‐E observations to improve MCD43A3 short‐time snow‐covered Albedo estimation          下载免费PDF全文

Huazhu Xue  Jindi Wang  Zhiqiang Xiao  Ping Chen  Yan Liu 《水文研究》2014,28(3):570-580

Land surface albedo plays an important role in the radiation budget and global climate models. NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) provide 16‐day albedo product with 500‐m resolution every 8 days (MCD43A3). Some in‐situ albedo measurements were used as the true surface albedo values to validate the MCD43A3 product. As the 16‐day MODIS albedo retrievals do not include snow observations when there is ephemeral snow on the ground surface in a 16‐day period, comparisons between MCD43A3 and 16 day averages of field data do not agree well. Another reason is that the MODIS cannot detect the snow when the area is covered by clouds. The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for EOS (AMSR‐E) data are not affected by weather conditions and are a good supplement for optical remote sensing in cloudy weather. When the surface is covered by ephemeral snow, the AMSR‐E data can be used as the additional information to retrieve the snow albedo. In this study, we developed an improved method by using the MODIS products and the AMSR‐E snow water equivalent (SWE) product to improve the MCD43A3 short‐time snow‐covered albedo estimation. The MODIS daily snow products MOD10A1 and MYD10A1 both provide snow and cloud information from observations. In our study region, we updated the MODIS daily snow product by combining MOD10A1 and MYD10A1. Then, the product was combined with the AMSR‐E SWE product to generate new daily snow‐cover and SWE products at a spatial resolution of 500 m. New SWE datasets were integrated into the Noah Land Surface Model snow model to calculate the albedo above a snow surface, and these values were then utilized to improve the MODIS 16‐day albedo product. After comparison of the results with in‐situ albedo measurements, we found that the new corrected 16‐day albedo can show the albedo changes during the short snowfall season. For example, from January 25 to March 14, 2007 at the BJ site, the albedo retrieved from snow‐free observations does not indicate the albedo changes affected by snow; the improved albedo conforms well to the in‐situ measurements. The correlation coefficient of the original MODIS albedo and the in‐situ albedo is 0.42 during the ephemeral snow season, but the correlation coefficient of the improved MODIS albedo and the in‐situ albedo is 0.64. It is concluded that the new method is capable of capturing the snow information from AMSR‐E SWE to improve the short‐time snow‐covered albedo estimation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Application of an integrated surface water‐groundwater model to multi‐aquifers modeling in Choushui River alluvial fan,Taiwan          下载免费PDF全文

Kai‐Yuan Ke 《水文研究》2014,28(3):1409-1421

This research proposes a combination of SWAT and MODFLOW, MD‐SWAT‐MODFLOW, to address the multi‐aquifers condition in Choushui River alluvial fan, Taiwan. The natural recharge and unidentified pumping/recharge are separately estimated. The model identifies the monthly pumping/recharge rates in multi‐aquifers so that the daily streamflow can be simulated correctly. A multi‐aquifers condition means a subsurface formation composed of at least the unconfined aquifer, the confined aquifer, and an in‐between aquitard. In such a case, the variation of groundwater level is related to pumping/recharge activities in vertically adjacent aquifer and the river‐aquifer interaction. Both factors in turn affect the streamflow performance. Results show that MD‐SWAT‐MODFLOW performs better than SWAT alone in terms of simulated streamflow, especially during low flow period, when pumping/recharge rates are properly estimated. A sensitivity analysis of individual parameter suggests that the vertical leakance may be the most sensitive among all investigated MODFLOW parameters in terms of the estimated pumping/recharge among aquifers, and the Latin‐Hypercube‐One‐factor‐At‐a‐Time sensitivity analysis indicates that the hydraulic conductivity of channel is the most sensitive to the model performance. It also points out the necessity to simultaneously estimate pumping/recharge rates in multi‐aquifers. The estimated net pumping rate can be treated as a lower bound of the actual local pumping rate. As a whole, the model provides the spatio‐temporal groundwater use, which gives the authorities insights to manage groundwater resources. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献