Brazil’s Financial Centers in the Twenty-first Century: Hierarchy,Specialization, and Concentration     

Fabio Betioli Contel  Dariusz Wójcik 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):681-691

The purpose of this article is to examine how the geography of Brazil’s financial centers changed since 2000 in terms of financial center hierarchy, specialization, and spatial concentration. To address these questions, we use data on employment and mergers and acquisitions in financial and business services, complemented with data on remuneration and bank assets. Our results show that São Paulo has consolidated its dominance as Brazil’s primary financial center, with market for corporate control as an important channel of this process. Rio’s decline as a financial center, which started more than fifty years ago, has continued into this century. At the same time, Brasília has emerged as the third most important financial center of Brazil. We document the recent dynamic of this territorial division of labor, with Rio’s specialization in insurance and Brasília’s dependence on government-owned banks. Finally, we show signs that Brazil’s financial center activities might be following an inverse U-shaped pattern whereby increasing geographical concentration is followed by its slow decline. Key Words: Brazil, concentration, financial centers, São Paulo, territorial division of labor.  相似文献   

AVOA techniques for fracture characterization     

《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(4):457-471

Different aspects of computational techniques for AVOA analysis (Amplitude Versus Offset and Azimuth) for fracture characterization are considered, in particular: using amplitudes instead of reflection coefficients, smoothing seismic data, and numerical methods for estimation of fracture directions. A new computational method and a new filter for smoothing are suggested. The different computational methods are compared in synthetic reflection surface data with noise, and without noise. Properties of the numerical methods in dependence on different sets of azimuths and offsets are obtained. It is shown a superiority of the new method.  相似文献   

Delineation of the northern limit of the Congo Craton based on spectral analysis and 2.5D modeling of aeromagnetic data in the Akonolinga-Mbama area,Cameroon     

《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(1):5-16

Aeromagnetic data of the Akonolinga-Mbama region are analyzed in order to elucidate the subsurface geology of the area. The available data in the form of a residual aeromagnetic map is interpreted as a vast magnetically quiet region, and complex zones which do not correlate with the surface geology of the region.Within the magnetically quiet zone, a high negative circular elongated anomaly zone seems to represent an intrusion of a plutonic rock into the metamorphic formations of the region. Spectral analysis and two-and-a-half dimensional (2½-D) modeling are used to estimate the depth of the causative bodies and determine the source rocks along three profiles crossing the suspected areas. Models from various zones of granitic intrusions are obtained, thereby proposing some shallow fault lines along zones of contact. This permits us to mark out the northern margin of the Congo Craton, thus enabling us to distinguish the cratonic formations from the Pan African fold belt. Part of the belt has been thrust over the northern portion of the Congo Craton in Cameroon.  相似文献   

Sensitivity of the surface temperature to changes in total solar irradiance calculated with the WRF model     

《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(2):153-162

The temperature sensitivity of the WRF model to changes in Total Solar Irradiance (TSI). The simulations were performed for a region centered over the North Atlantic Ocean, including portions of Eastern North America, Western Europe and Northwest Africa. Four simulations were run with different TSI values. Also, a fifth simulation was performed in which we varied the initial atmospheric conditions, in order to compare the effect on the temperature of both, changes in the TSI and initial atmospheric conditions. Comparing temperature monthly averages we found that changes in TSI and in the initial conditions have a measurable impact on temperature in the region of study. The sensitivity of the model using non-dimensional parameters was also estimated. The numerical experiments show some features that might allow to distinguish between the effects on the temperature due to changes in TSI from those caused by initial conditions. However, TSI changes are of the same order of magnitude than those of disturbances in the initial conditions. We also found that the mean monthly values of temperature over the full grid, did not present significant variations due to changes of either initial conditions or TSI.  相似文献   

Crustal structure of eastern Cuba,derived by constrained 3D gravity inversion     

《Geofísica Internacional》2014,53(3):259-275

A three-dimensional crustal model for Eastern Cuba, obtained through a process of gravity data inversion is presented. The study area cover a rectangular area of 64 600 km². The initial model for the inversion was constrained by surface geology, seismic and drilling data. The inversion algorithm uses gravity data to estimate 3-D topographies from the main geological units. The model provides quantitative information on the depths and thicknesses of the geological formations. The resulting model provides new information about the regional composition of the crust. Alien sequences are observed with different compositions and origin over the basement of Bahamas carbonate platform. Most of the maximum gravity anomalies are associated with presence of dense shallow ophiolite sheets. The most remarkable detail is the gravity “southwest” maximum, related to the presence of denser oceanic crust generated in the Cayman spreading center.  相似文献   

Distribution of the tropical Pacific surface zonal wind anomaly and its relation with two types of El Ni(n)o     

WANG Yang  CHEN Jinnian  WANG Hongna 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2013,31(5)

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The role of the International Maritime Organization in reducing vessel threat to whales: Process,options, action and effectiveness     

Gregory K. Silber  Angelia S.M. Vanderlaan  Ana Tejedor Arceredillo  Lindy Johnson  Christopher T. Taggart  Moira W. Brown  Shannon Bettridge  Ricardo Sagarminaga 《Marine Policy》2012

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The accuracy of methods used to estimate the whole-lake accumulation rate of organic carbon, major cations, phosphorus and heavy metals in sediment   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Brian Rippey  N. John Anderson  Ingemar Renberg  Tom Korsman 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2008,39(1):83-99

The accuracy of three methods used to estimate the whole-lake accumulation rate of chemicals in sediment, the simple mean accumulation rate, regression against water depth and the mean accumulation rate in sedimentation zones, was assessed. The concentrations and accumulation rates of organic carbon, four major cations, phosphorus and four heavy metals in the 1902 to 1988 sediment layer at 43 sites in Kassjön were used and the three methods gave identical results. The accuracy of the simple mean accumulation rate method using 5 or 10 sites was investigated using Monte Carlo simulation and both versions gave accurate results. If the method used the dry sediment accumulation rate at 5 or 10 sites, along with chemical concentration at one central site, then the errors were less than ±10% for five of the chemicals and larger for the others (?20 or 20–40%), although the direction of the bias was predictable. If chemical accumulation rate at the central site only was used to estimate the whole-lake value, the bias increased to 25% for the major cations, 50% for the heavy metals and P, and 85% for organic carbon. Having 43 sites in Kassjön meant that the true whole-lake chemical accumulation rate was known and so the accuracy of the methods and their variants could be assessed for the first time. These findings allow the particulars of the simple mean accumulation rate method to be chosen to suit the accuracy needed for a palaeolimnological investigation.  相似文献   

Simulation of erosion-deposition processes at basin scale by a physically-based mathematical model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Hernán R.STENTA 《国际泥沙研究》2010,25(2):91-109

The development and application of the physically-based and spatially-distributed mathematical model CTSS8-SED is presented. The model simulates hydrologic-hydraulic processes produced by storm events and related soil erosion and sediment transport processes at basin scale in lowland areas. The model simulates (i) storm runoff,(ii) soil detachment by raindrop impact and overland flow (gross sediment yield),(iii) sediment transport by overland flow and associated erosion-deposition processes and (iv) sediment transport by stream flow and riverbed erosion-deposition processes. A quasi two-dimensional representation of water flow and sediment transport routing is made by means of interconnected cells approach. The model is applied to simulate two flooding events in the Luduea Creek basin (Santa Fe, Argentina) occurred in April 1994 and March 2007 due to extraordinary rainfalls.  相似文献   

We Are All Makers: The Method of Keyword Selection in Teaching and Learning Human Geography   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Chao Ye  Renjie Ji 《The Professional geographer》2013,65(3):462-471

Abstract

Geographers continue to engage in public debate “inside the Beltway” by participation within and through federal agencies and through the National Research Council. Several examples illustrate the level and kind of this engagement, which has been concentrated on environmental and spatial data and analysis themes. Most professional geographers have the opportunity to engage in this form of public debate through participation in the activities of the National Research Council. The level of this participation has been surprisingly strong, given the small size of the community of professional geographers, and has helped to shape both U.S. and international research agendas relevant to geographic research. Participation, however, is concentrated in a few programs and individuals, raising questions about the sustainability of geography's voice in this public activity.

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