Simple shear testing for the study of the earthquake response of clay from the Israeli continental slope     

S. Frydman  M. Talesnick  G. Almagor  G. Wiseman 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2013,31(3):143-171

Abstract

A study was carried out to investigate the simple shear behaviour of a clay from the Israeli continental slope, and to consider the relevance of this behaviour to the stability of the slopes during earthquake conditions. Norweigian simple shear apparatus was modified in order to enable both static and cyclic shearing of undisturbed samples taken from the slope.

Static tests performed on virgin samples and on samples which had undergone extensive cycling indicated similar static strengths, despite development of large cyclic shear strains during cycling. This suggests that the stability of the slopes following completion of an earthquake would not be significantly less than it was before the onset of the earthquake; the critical period for instability would be during the earthquake.

The results of the cyclic tests indicated that shear strain development accelerated once the cyclic strain reached the order of 3%. A failure criterion for the clay, relevant to cyclic loading conditions, was developed, based on this strain value, and was incorporated into a cumulative damage type of analysis for earthquake loading, using Miner's rule. This analysis was used to develop a computer program for the stability analysis of the continental slope during any given earthquake.  相似文献   

Stress field modeling of northwestern South China Sea since 5.3 Ma and its tectonic significance   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

YANG Fengli  ZHOU Zuyi  ZHANG N  LIU Ning  NI Bin 《海洋学报(英文版)》2013,32(12):31-39

Tectonically, the northwestern South China Sea （SCS） is located at the junction between three micro-plates, i.e., the Indochina, South China and Zhongsha-Xisha micro-plates, and involves three basins, i.e., the Yinggehai Basin, the Qiongdongnan Basin and Xisha Trough in the east, and the Zhongjiannan Basin in the south. Since the Pliocene （5.3 Ma）, the Yinggehai Basin has experienced repeated accelerating subsidence, high thermal fluid, and widely developing mud-rich overpressure chambers, abundant mud diapers and crust-mantle mixed CO2. While a large central canyon was developed in the Qiongdongnan Basin, new rift occurred in the Xisha ~rough. These characteristics demonstrate a single tectonic unit for the northwestern SCS, for which we have undertaken stress field modeling to understand its plate deformations and sedimen- tary responses. Our results demonstrate that an extension tectonic event occurred after 5.3 Ma in theYingge- hal-Qiongdongnan-Xisha trough area, which is characterized by thinner crust C〈16000 m）, half-graben or graben structural style and thicker sedimentary sequences （〉3 500 m）. A new rift system subsequently was developed in this area; this event was mainly driven by the combined effects of different movement veloc- ity and direction of the three micro-plates, and the far-field effect of the continental collision between the Indian Plate and the Tibetan Plateau, and subduction of the Pacific Plate underneath the Eurasian Plate.  相似文献   

地中海黄色物质次表层极大值的季节变化观测     

邢小罡  赵冬至  CLAUSTRE Herv&#;  樊伟 《海洋学报》2013,35(2):35-42

首次通过2008-2009年在西北地中海和东地中海海域投放的两台Bio-Argo浮标的观测数据,分析与研究了该海区黄色物质次表层极大值的季节变化规律.研究表明次表层黄色物质在夏季开始爆发,伴随着叶绿素a浓度的逐渐降低;到冬季在强烈的垂向混合作用下结束.且黄色物质极大值的深度与叶绿素a浓度极大值(DCM)的深度基本一致,说明虽然黄色物质与浮游植物之间并不存在直接联系,但浮游植物的降解是黄色物质的主要来源.文中推测,可能由于该海区浮游植物与微生物的强耦合,导致了黄色物质与叶绿素a之间存在明显的反变关系.  相似文献   

Updating knowledge on growth,population dynamics,and ecology of the blue and red shrimp,Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816), on the basis of the study of its instars     

Lidia Orsi Relini  Alessandro Mannini  Giulio Relini 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(1):90-102

Both national (GRUND) and international (MEDITS) trawl surveys carried out in the Italian seas since 1994 have produced consistent and rather homogeneous samples of red shrimps (per season, gear, and methods to ascertain abundance). Study and discussion of data regarding Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) from Ligurian fishing grounds during the REDs project (FISH/2004/03‐32) made it possible to verify how key instars of the life of the female shrimp can be recognized from length frequency distributions derived from trawl surveys, allowing the age distributions to be split up. The segment of life that can be studied spans ages 1 and 10 and includes 20 instars, but larger sizes have been found which may extend the life span another 3 years. After age 5, only one growth instar per year occurs. Based on our study of the instars, we developed a size/age key for A. antennatus and used it to derive a von Bertalanffy growth function, total mortality rates and exploitation rates. Our results are related to basic biological and ecological characteristics of this species. Large individuals (females ≥50 mm CL at age 5 onward) present in a considerable percentage in the Ligurian Sea, are very important because (i) their fecundity is very high and therefore greatly influences the reproductive potential and (ii) they represent commercially the most valuable part of the catch. In addition, substantial relationships between the life history of A. antennatus and local oceanographic processes exist because the long life span of the species enlarges the area to which eggs and larvae are transported in surface currents, as well as the active return movements in deep waters where adult life mainly takes place. In the study area, the Northern Current provides the possibility of great horizontal displacement of A. antennatus eggs, larvae and early juveniles and, in general, attention to surface circulation may help to identify affinities in distant Mediterranean populations. This study presents A. antennatus in terms of a resource on the move at a Western Mediterranean scale.  相似文献   

A facies of Kophobelemnon (Cnidaria,Octocorallia) from Santa Maria di Leuca coral province (Mediterranean Sea)     

Francesco Mastrototaro  Porzia Maiorano  Agostina Vertino  Daniela Battista  Antonella Indennidate  Alessandra Savini  Angelo Tursi  Gianfranco D'Onghia 《Marine Ecology》2013,34(3):313-320

During a research cruise carried out in April 2010, aimed at updating the knowledge on the biodiversity of the Santa Maria di Leuca (SML) cold‐water coral province (Mediterranean Sea), a facies of the sea pen Kophobelemnon stelliferum (Muller, 1776) was found on mud‐dominated bottoms. This finding represents a new species and a new habitat record from the SML coral province as well as a new bathyal facies in the whole Central Mediterranean Sea. The colonies were collected using an epi‐benthic sledge, at depths between 400 and 470 m. A significant positive relationship between polyp number and colony length was detected. Density of the colonies ranged from 0.003 to 0.038 N·m^?2. Differences and affinities between Mediterranean and Atlantic occurrences of K. stelliferum are discussed.  相似文献   

Nutrient distribution and fluxes from three Mediterranean coastal rivers (NE Algeria) under large damming     

Makhlouf Ounissi  Noureddine Bouchareb 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(2):81-92

Nutrient distribution and fluxes into and from dams and into coastal waters from three rivers (NE Algeria) were assessed during a one-year period in three stations for each river: at the entrance and the exit of dam and at the outlet. The main characteristics of the rivers were the high levels of NH₄ and PO₄, even in dam entrances, contrarily to SiO₄ levels that are still low upstream the dams. From the inorganic nutrient incoming fluxes, the dams trapped annually 42 to 93%, depending on the nutrient, but released in great levels dissolved organic forms at their exits. At catchment scale, dissolved nitrogen loadings reach 338 kg/km²/yr, in which the organic fraction forms up to 34%; while those of dissolved phosphorus reach 172 kg/km²/yr, with a great organic fraction. The Si:N ratios decreased while N:P ratios increased at river outlets, indicating large inputs of N over P in the lower catchments.  相似文献   

Study of a Neogene basin dynamics: The “Bizerte basin”, northeastern Tunisia: relevance to the global Messinian Salinity Crisis     

Salah Harrab  Beya Mannai-Tayech  Mohsen Rabhi  Fouad Zargouni 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2013,345(5-6):251-261

The Messinian sediments of northeastern Tunisia were deposited under an active tectonic setting. They are organized in sequences indicating a transitional deposit from margin – littoral to lacustrine – continental facies. These series unconformably overlie the Serravallian–Tortonian silty clays packages, and are overlain by the transgressive Early Pliocene marl (Zanclean). The presence of evaporitic strata points out to the Messinian Salinity Crisis described in the peripheral basins of the western Mediterranean. The Messinian sedimentation was found to have been closely controlled by transtensive tectonics and differential subsidence at a large spatio-temporal scale. It is organized in sequences typical of a depositional environment controlled by eustatism, tectonic and maybe by climate changes. Despite the existence of some local specific sedimentological characteristics, our results corroborate previous findings that pointed out to the Messinian times as a singular period all around the Mediterranean Basin. Field and subsurface seismic profile data helped reconstructing either the sedimentary or tectonic unconformities existing between the studied Messinian series and older Neogene successions.  相似文献   

Birth of Interior Drainages of the Northwestern Tibet Plateau     

ZHAO Yue  LIU Jian  LI Dunpeng  PEI unling 《《地质学报》英文版》2013,87(Z1):108-108

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湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气储集条件研究   总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11  

肖正辉  王朝晖  杨荣丰  冯涛  王齐仁  黄俨然  陈新跃  邓翼 《地质学报》2013,87(10):1612-1623

为客观评价湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气资源勘探潜力,本研究利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、高倍扫描电镜、扫描探针显微镜等系统研究了其页岩气储集条件。XRD分析结果表明, 泥页岩中脆性矿物含量为53.8%-98.1%, 平均77.9%,脆性矿物含量丰富,其高值区主要分布在张家界柑子坪、三岔及其周边地区。高倍扫描电镜分析结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩中发育残余原生孔隙、有机质微孔隙、不稳定矿物溶蚀孔、矿物层间微裂隙和构造裂缝,其中构造裂缝、有机质微孔隙和不稳定矿物溶蚀孔是页岩基质孔裂隙的主要组成部分。扫描探针显微镜分析结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩中蜂窝状的有机质丰富,主要呈分散状和条带状分布,其内部纳米级孔隙发育。Ultrapore-200A氦孔隙仪测试结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩孔隙度较低,为0.6%～11.7%,平均4.6%,其影响因素主要是构造裂缝,其次是泥页岩有机碳含量和长石含量。ULTRA-PERMTM200渗透率仪测试结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩的渗透率度较低,为 0.002mD~0.06mD,平均0.014mD,其影响因素主要是构造裂缝,其次是矿物层间微裂隙。等温吸附实验结果表明,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩具有较好的吸附气性能,其影响因素主要是有机碳含量,其次是粘土矿物含量。  相似文献   

Towards a Plio-Pleistocene chronostratigraphy in Eastern Betic Basins (SE Spain)     

Teresa Bardaji  José-Luis Goy  Nils-Axel Mörner  Cari Zazo  Pablo-G. Silva  Luis Somoza 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(2):112-126

Abstract

The evolution of Neogene and Quaternary littoral basins in the Eastern Betic Cordillera is largely related to tectonic activity along the Eastern Betic sinistral shear zone.

Detailed mapping of sedimentary units in these basins, together with sedimentological and paleomagnetic analysis lead to the proposal of a new chronostratigraphie framework for Pliocene and Quaternary deposits.

This chronostratigraphie setting rejects the synchronous character of the “Pliocene Unite” previously referred to as: “P.I” (grey-blue marls), “P.H” (yellow calcarenites), and “Р.Ш” (variegated silts and clays). Instead, tectonics would have controlled the paleogeographic evolution of the Eastern Betic realms, causing the lithofacies to occur repeated in space and time. The Plio-Pleistocene boundary in these basins is not accompanied by changes in geodynamic behaviour or climatic conditions. According to the paleomagnetic data, these changes occurred at different times during the Pleistocene in the different studied basins.  相似文献