The preservation potential of ash layers in the deep‐sea: the example of the 1991‐Pinatubo ash in the South China Sea     

ANDREAS WETZEL 《Sedimentology》2009,56(7):1992-2009

Following the eruption of Mount Pinatubo on 15 June 1991, volcanic ash was transported westward to the South China Sea in an atmospheric plume, falling out and settling to the sea floor within days and forming an up to 10 cm thick layer on an area >400 000 km². Immediately after deposition, surviving deep‐burrowing animals re‐opened their connection to the sea floor to obtain water for respiration and/or food take‐up. Later, small‐sized meiofauna and then macrofauna re‐colonized the sea floor, mixing newly deposited organic fluff with the underlying ash. Consequently, ash deposits thinner than 1 mm have not often been observed as a continuous layer when cored six years after the eruption, while ash about 2 mm thick is now patchily bioturbated. In areas covered by ash thicker than 5 mm, mixing by benthic animals is controlled mainly by the adaptation of the burrowing fauna to variations in grain‐size, the rate of background sedimentation, the availability of benthic food on and within the sediment and pore water oxygen levels. With respect to these factors, four provinces can be distinguished: (i) Along the Philippines margin run‐off from land fuels primary production that, in turn, leads to a high benthic food content. The benthic fauna is adapted to a variable grain‐size and rapid sedimentation. Therefore, mixing is intense and the preservation potential of the ash layer is low. (ii) In areas affected by deposition of hyperpycnites and turbidites, i.e. in canyons in front of river mouths and in the Manila Trench, the ash layer is preserved due to rapid burial. (iii) The area to the west to about 116° E receives low amounts of benthic food, benthic mixing is less intense and the preservation potential of the ash is high. (iv) The central South China Sea, where the ash is thinner than 3 cm, is affected by intense wind mixing and upwelling and the benthic food content is high; thus, the chance that the ash will be preserved as a sharp‐based layer is low. Consequently, the style of ash preservation has palaeo‐environmental significance. Older buried and burrowed event layers provide further information to elucidate the fate of the 1991 Pinatubo ash layer; in general their appearance fits with observations in the Recent.  相似文献   

环境和生物样品中痕量双酚A的分析方法     

王晓春  刘晓端  杨永亮  李刚  徐清  焦杏春  罗松光  李奇 《岩矿测试》2009,28(6):557-568

作为环境类内分泌干扰物之一,双酚A由于被广泛作为化工原料使用而对环境和人类健康产生了严重的危害。文章对近年来国内外环境及生物样品中残留双酚A的最新前处理及检测技术的研究进展进行了综述。除常规前处理技术外,还介绍了包括搅拌棒吸附萃取及分子印迹等新型分离、富集技术在双酚A提取中的应用;另外,在着重介绍双酚A的色谱-质谱分析技术的基础上,对免疫分析、传感器检测和光学检测在双酚A检测中的应用也进行了详细报道。展望双酚A分析的发展趋势,二级串联质谱由于具有比其他分析方法更低的检出限,因此将会成为检测环境及生物样品中痕量双酚A的最具潜力的手段之一;研制价格低廉、重现性好、高通量的微型化、便携式、自动化仪器将是在线快速分析双酚A的另一个主要发展方向。  相似文献   

海洋沉积物中的钒、钼、铊、镓及其环境指示意义   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

段丽琴  宋金明  许思思 《地质论评》2009,55(3):420-427

研究探讨沉积物中钒、钼、铊和镓的生物地球化学行为对揭示海洋环境演变机制有重要的科学意义,基于此考虑,本文系统分析总结了近年来海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的地球化学特征以及与环境关系的研究进展,以期对深入开展环境敏感微量元素的海洋生物地球化学有所裨益。结果表明,由于受人为输入的影响,近海沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于远海,河口高于近海;在表层沉积物中,细颗粒沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量高于粗颗粒中的,且其含量与物源、有机质含量等沉积环境因素密切相关;在垂直分布上,随沉积物深度的增加,V、Mo、Tl和Ga含量趋于降低,表明近几十年来,随人为影响的加剧,海洋作为地球上物质的汇获得了比以前更多的V、Mo、Tl和Ga。由此可见,在水平方向上,海洋沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的丰度可表明输入物源的特性,而在柱状样中的垂直分布,则能够表征历史年代上V、Mo、Tl和Ga沉积量的差异。由于沉积物中V、Mo、Tl和Ga的性质比较稳定,它们在一定程度上可以揭示和表征海洋环境演变的讯息,追溯海洋环境演变的历史以及预测将来的发展趋向。  相似文献   

Long-range aircraft as an Arctic Oceanographic platform   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Vicki A. Childers  John M. Brozena 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2005,52(12):2366-2375

Synoptic basin-wide measurements of Arctic Ocean temperature and salinity are now possible with the recent development of an expendable conductivity, temperature, and depth probe for deployment from aircraft (AXCTD). Both the P-3 Orion aircraft and the C-130 aircraft are capable of long-range, low-altitude flight and are ideal for Arctic research. Expendable profilers can be quickly deployed over vast regions from aircraft and in locations with limited ship access, but have the disadvantage of measuring only the top 1000 m and of being about an order of magnitude less accurate than a CTD cast, primarily because of noisy salinity measurements and depth-fall rate errors. We explore how to conduct an ACXTD measurement program in ice-covered seas and discuss a test of these methods conducted in the Arctic Ocean's Eurasian Basin. Long-range aircraft can significantly augment the present program of Arctic research by performing large-area surveys, continuing time series with repeat measurements, and by helping target locations for more detailed and accurate shipboard measurement.  相似文献   

Reflections on the history of research on large wood in rivers     

Frederick J. Swanson  Stanley V. Gregory  Andres Iroumé  Virginia Ruiz-Villanueva  Ellen Wohl 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(1):55-66

Dynamics and functions of large wood have become integral considerations in the science and management of river systems. Study of large wood in rivers took place as monitoring of fish response to wooden structures placed in rivers in the central United States in the early 20th century, but did not begin in earnest until the 1970s. Research has increased in intensity and thematic scope ever since. A wide range of factors has prompted these research efforts, including basic understanding of stream systems, protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems, and environmental hazards in mountain environments. Research and management have adopted perspectives from ecology, geomorphology, and engineering, using observational, experimental, and modelling approaches. Important advances have been made where practical information needs converge with institutional and science leadership capacities to undertake multi-pronged research programmes. Case studies include ecosystem research to inform regulations for forest management; storage and transport of large wood as a component in global carbon dynamics; and the role of wood transport in environmental hazards in mountain regions, including areas affected by severe landscape disturbances, such as volcanic eruptions. As the field of research has advanced, influences of large wood on river structures and processes have been merged with understanding of streamflow and sediment regimes, so river form and function are now viewed as involving the tripartite system of water, sediment, and wood. A growing community of researchers and river managers is extending understanding of large wood in rivers to climatic, forest, landform, and social contexts not previously investigated. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Seismic constraints on rock damaging related to a failing mountain peak: the Hochvogel,Allgäu     

M. Dietze  M. Krautblatter  L. Illien  N. Hovius 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(2):417-429

Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long-term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July–October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Modal analysis, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data and end-member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 260,000 m³ large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increased over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. Our data provide essential first order information on the development of large-scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Hillslope erosion in a grassland environment: Calibration and evaluation of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model     

G.R. Hancock  Abraham Gibson  T. Wells 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(4):728-743

Field measurement and modelling of soil erosion provides insights into landscape systems as well as the potential for enhanced landscape management. There are a number of field and numerical methods by which soil erosion and deposition can be quantified. Here we examine the capability of the SIBERIA landscape evolution model to quantify short-term erosion and deposition on a well-managed cattle grazing landscape on the east coast of Australia. The model is calibrated by two methods (1) a geomorphological approach using a site digital elevation model (DEM) and soil data and (2) a laboratory-scale flume. The two calibration processes resulted in similar model input parameters and estimated erosion rates of 3.1 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 4.4 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, respectively. These were found to closely match erosion rates estimated using the environmental tracer ¹³⁷Cs (2.7–4.8 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). However, erosion and deposition estimated at individual points along the hillslope was not well correlated with ¹³⁷Cs at the same position due to the temporal averaging of the model and microtopography. Sensitivity analysis showed the model was more sensitive to parameterisation than sub-DEM-scale topography. This places confidence in the model's ability to estimate erosion and deposition across an entire hillslope and catchment on decadal time scales. We also highlight the robustness and flexibility of the calibration methods.  相似文献   

地铁列车曲线运行引起学校建筑物振动响应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

夏志强  凌可胜  董克胜  徐小扣  沈威  方火浪 《地震工程学报》2021,43(6):1377-1386

地铁以其快捷、准时、运量大等优点,已成为重要的轨道交通形式,但由此引起的环境振动问题日益突出。针对杭州市地铁3号线曲线地段的某中学建设工程,利用有限元软件ABAQUS,对车辆-普通整体道床轨道系统的竖向耦合模型进行振动响应分析,得到考虑轨道高低不平顺影响的轨道振动源强。应用有限元软件MIDAS GTS/NX,建立双孔平行曲线盾构隧道-土-桩-建筑物系统的三维有限元模型。以轨道支点力作为激励对地铁列车运行时的隧道-土-桩-建筑物系统的振动响应进行计算,研究地铁振动波在地层中的传播规律和建筑物的动力响应特性。根据相关环境振动控制标准对建筑物的振动舒适性进行评价。结果表明：轨道加速度和扣件动支点力的最大值分别约为40 m/s²和30 kN;地层和建筑物的振动以竖向为主,水平Y向振动略大于水平X向振动;地面加速度随着距隧道中心线距离的增加而逐渐衰减;各建筑物楼层的振动主频位于16~40 Hz;部分建筑物楼层的振动响应水平已超出了规范的限值要求,建议对地铁轨道或建筑物采取适当的减振措施。  相似文献   

海潮负荷对大连地震台重力固体潮的影响     

翟丽娜  王松阳  孔祥瑞 《地震地磁观测与研究》2021,42(2):214-216

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黔西南部分矿集区环境背景   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

钱嵘  李明琴  李明波  王春华 《贵州地质》2004,21(4):254-257

黔西南是金、锑、汞、砷、煤矿集中分布区,汞、砷在土壤中背景值高于一般土壤的20倍,汞高出14～5000倍,属于高砷、汞、氟环境背景区,由于矿业活动不合理,加剧了区内土壤、水体污染,存在砷、汞、氟等环境污染隐患。  相似文献