The correlation and sequence architecture of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group of the East Irish Sea Basin,NW England     

N. S. Meadows 《Geological Journal》2006,41(1):93-122

The existing stratigraphic nomenclature applied to the Early and Middle Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group in NW England has resulted from more than 150 years of geological investigation, but is characterized by a lithostratigraphic system that is insufficiently flexible to allow for variations in lithology and sedimentary facies within a continental depositional system. A revised well correlation based on the detrital mineralogical and chemical composition of the Ormskirk Sandstone Formation in four offshore wells, that is then extended to provide near‐basin‐wide well correlations using a regional shale marker, confirms previously suggested but unproven diachroneity at the top of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. It also reveals the presence of incised valleys filled by stacked amalgamated fluvial channel sandstones and cut into previously deposited aeolian and sandflat sequences as well as older fluvial channel sandstones. The combination of well correlations indicates that the valleys were incised by a fluvial system flowing NW from the Cheshire Basin into the East Irish Sea Basin and then west towards the Peel and Kish Bank basins. The stratal geometry of the upper part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group is suggested to conform to models of climatically mediated alternations of fluvial degradation and aggradation in response to changes in the relationship between sediment flux and stream discharge. This model is supported in the Sherwood Sandstone Group by climatically driven variations in the non‐channelized facies which record upward wetting and drying cycles that can be locally tied to fluvial incision surfaces, and suggest a hierarchy of at least three levels of climatic cyclicity recorded within the sedimentary succession. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Modified models for better prediction of infiltration rates in trapezoidal permeable stormwater channels     

《水文科学杂志》2012,57(15):1918-1931

ABSTRACT

In stormwater management, it is important to accurately quantify the infiltration rates to solve urban runoff-related problems. This study proposes a method to improve estimates of the infiltration rate in permeable stormwater channels. As part of the analysis, five infiltration models were evaluated: the Kostiakov, Horton, modified Kostiakov, Philip and SCS (Soil Conservation Service) models. Infiltration tests with various initial water levels were performed on channel models with differing base width and side slopes. The results show that the addition of three parameters that describe the trapezoidal cross-sectional area, i.e. the depth, side slope and base width, in the infiltration models yielded better estimates of the infiltration rate. A comparison of the infiltration capacity values obtained from the models after the three parameters were added with those that were experimentally obtained, shows that the improved modified Kostiakov model is the most suitable model to predict infiltration rates in trapezoidal permeable stormwater channels.  相似文献   

Mean and turbulent flow fields in a simulated ice‐covered channel with a gravel bed: some laboratory observations     

André Robert  Thang Tran 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2012,37(9):951-956

Northern rivers experience freeze‐up over the winter, creating asymmetric under‐ice flows. Field and laboratory measurements of under‐ice flows typically exhibit flow asymmetry and its characteristics depend on the presence of roughness elements on the ice cover underside. In this study, flume experiments of flows under a simulated ice cover are presented. Open water conditions and simulated rough ice‐covered flows are discussed. Mean flow and turbulent flow statistics were obtained from an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) above a gravel‐bed surface. A central region of faster flow develops in the middle portion of the flow with the addition of a rough cover. The turbulent flow characteristics are unambiguously different when simulated ice covered conditions are used. Two distinct boundary layers (near the bed and in the vicinity of the ice cover, near the water surface) are clearly identified, each being characterized by high turbulent intensity levels. Detailed profile measurements of Reynolds stresses and turbulent kinetic energy indicate that the turbulence structure is strongly influenced by the presence of an ice cover and its roughness characteristics. In general, for y/d > 0·4 (where y is height above bed and d is local flow depth), the addition of cover and its roughening tends to generate higher turbulent kinetic energy values in comparison to open water flows and Reynolds stresses become increasingly negative due to increased turbulence levels in the vicinity of the rough ice cover. The high negative Reynolds stresses not only indicate high turbulence levels created by the rough ice cover but also coherent flow structures where quadrants one and three dominate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

福建晋江市前港湖、龙湖等四湖泊的成因机理   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

徐起浩  施建生 《地震地质》2012,34(1):110-128

对前港湖、龙湖、虺湖、(氵丙)州湖的地理环境进行了实地考察,对钻孔和钻孔岩心沉积相及微体古生物进行了分析,对14C样品进行了年代测定,特别是通过对龙湖湖内和沿岸共78个钻孔岩心的分析,揭示了龙湖及沿岸残坡积层和晚更新世以来的沉积层展布,进而得到了龙湖成湖前的凹陷和发育在凹陷内的古河流环境,最终推断这4个湖泊为全新世晚期地震断塞湖.主要理由是:这4个湖沿衙口-(氵丙)州隐伏断裂(控制深沪湾地堑NW侧边界的断裂)呈线状展布,都为淡水湖;都发育在晚更新统含砾砂黏土及残坡积层构成的凹陷内,成湖前凹陷内有古河流;已发现龙湖湖盆SE近隐伏断裂处的下游古河床被抬高,且高出上游河床3m以上;前港湖、龙湖的最早成湖年龄都为距今2.4ka左右,这个年龄处于全新世晚期的强古地震发生的可能时间区间内,该地震同时导致了深沪湾海底古森林更深沉没于海底;都存在湖坝和可能的地震沉积相.推断上述湖泊是在该古地震时衙口-(氵丙)州断裂NW侧地块翘起掀升堵塞河流形成的地震断塞湖.湖泊形成后,当地盛行的风沙在湖坝处的加积和在地堑内的填积,导致湖坝变宽增高并和地堑沉积连成大致等高的一体,阻挡了湖水的外流,这是使湖泊继续发育并留存至今的重要原因.  相似文献   

晋江龙湖湖盆古凹陷内古河流形成与消亡及与地震关系     

徐起浩  施建生 《海洋地质与第四纪地质》2012,(2):53-63

根据野外调查及龙湖湖内和沿岸共78个钻孔岩心揭示的龙湖及沿岸混合花岗岩及其风化土、残坡积层和晚更新世以来的沉积层展布,分析了龙湖成湖前的凹陷和发育在凹陷内的古河流环境。研究发现龙湖湖盆内下游古河床相对邻近上游河床被大幅度抬升达3m余。龙湖的最早湖相沉积年龄为2 430±90aBP,其年龄落在导致古森林更深沉没于海的深沪湾晚全新世强古地震的时间范围内,认为龙湖的形成可能与2 430aBP左右深沪湾大地震,导致控制深沪湾陆地地堑的衙口—氵丙州断裂西北侧地块翘起掀升,使得湖盆凹陷内下游古河床被快速抬升,古河流被堵塞有关。龙湖是地震断塞湖,不同于断陷湖,是向斜坳陷湖的又一种构造湖。研究得出龙湖成湖前的古河流约在7 000aBP开始形成,这正是导致深沪湾古森林首次沉没于海的深沪湾早全新世强古地震大致年龄,结合古河床形成前的凹陷形态,认为龙湖湖盆内古河流的形成可能与7 000aBP左右深沪湾大地震导致龙湖地区环境改变有关。  相似文献   

Flow resistance of gravel bed channels     

Wen C. WANG  David R. DAWDY 《国际泥沙研究》2014,29(1):126-132

Existing resistance formulas produce a wide range of friction-factor estimates for gravel bed streams. The purpose of this paper is to develop a reliable resistance formula in terms of the Darcy-Weisbach friction factor f Published data were screened and used to establish the formula. The existing formulas have considered thatfis a function of relative roughness D84/R only, where R is the hydraulic radius and 1984 is the particle size referred to the intermediate diameter that equals or exceeds that of 84 percent of bed sediments. In this paper, f is considered as a ftmction of Froude number in addition to the relative roughness, ffor D84/R〉l displays a different trend than that for Dsn/R〈l perhaps due to the invalid assumption of a logarithmic velocity distribution for D84/R〉l. Anfformula for Dsa/R〈l has been established.  相似文献   

Late-Holocene evolution of the Mahakam delta, East Kalimantan, Indonesia   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Joep E.A. Storms  Robert M. Hoogendoorn  Rien A.C. Dam  A.J.F. Hoitink  S.B. Kroonenberg 《Sedimentary Geology》2005,180(3-4):149-166

The late-Holocene Mahakam delta, located along the tropical eastern shore of Kalimantan, Indonesia, is considered to be a textbook example of a mixed tide–fluvial dominated delta system. The delta prograded about 60 km during the past 5000 years, which led to the development of a distinct network of distributary and tidal channels. Wave action is low due the limited fetch in the narrow strait of Makassar. Mahakam River discharge is about a quarter of the Mississippi River discharge and is characterized by absence of flood surges. Therefore, natural levees, crevasse splays and avulsions are absent in the delta plain. For the past four decennia, both modern and ancient Mahakam delta deposits have been studied in detail in order to better understand subsurface Miocene and Tertiary Mahakam deposits, which host large volumes of hydrocarbons.

This study focuses on the dynamics and stratal patterns of delta plain, delta-front platform deposits and suspended sediments. Due to the predominance of semi-diurnal tides and the associated flow reversals, depositional patterns are highly variable which has resulted in the formation of characteristic sand–mud couplets. The distribution of the sand–mud couplets found in this study differs from previously proposed conceptual models. They are limited to the fluvial domain and form in the distributary channels (lateral channel bar) or at the fluvial dominated delta-front platform, which flanks the mouth bar deposits in offshore direction. The sand–mud couplets which formed as delta-front platform and lateral channel bar deposits are similar and can only be identified based on their ¹⁴C age. The sand content decreases significantly towards the tidal dominated areas due to limitation in transport capacity. Turbidity measurements taken in front of the river mouth also show rapid settlement of river plume sediments.

Some 22 new AMS ¹⁴C dates show that late Holocene sea level history resembles the eustatic sea level curve giving a first approximation of the Late Holocene sea level history for East Kalimantan. The dates suggest that the progradational delta system evolved under conditions of slowly rising sea level, which compares well to the eustatic sea level curve. In addition, calculated averaged deposition rates of the sand–mud couplets indicate that deposition is driven by the spring–neap tide cycles instead of the daily tidal cycle.  相似文献   

Depositional record of an avulsive fluvial system controlled by peat compaction (Neogene, Most Basin, Czech Republic)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

MICHAL RAJCHL  DAVID ULI&#;N݆ 《Sedimentology》2005,52(3):601-625

This paper illustrates the response of a fluvial depositional system to the interplay between peat compaction and clastic sediment supply, at a range of spatial and temporal scales, as documented by extensive exposures in an open-cast mine in the Most Basin, part of the Oligo-Miocene Ohře Rift (Eger Graben) basin system in the Czech Republic. The Most Basin is characterized by the occurrence of a number of phenomena resulting from syn- and post-depositional interactions between clastic sedimentary systems and the underlying accumulation of organic material that was the precursor of the main lignite seam of up to 45 m thickness. The studied strata are interpreted as deposits of an avulsive, mixed-load fluvial system. The large-scale depositional architecture documents an existence of at least five stratal packages up to 1500 m wide and up to several tens of metres thick, representing a record of long-term evolution of a clastic floodplain bordered by accumulating peat. Within each of the packages, several small-scale channel-belts were documented. Individual packages are separated by carbonaceous mudstones indicating a period of reduced clastic input and interpreted as due to avulsion of the fluvial channels out of the floodplain limit. Two main, mutually linked, processes controlled the evolution of the studied fluvial system: (i) syndepositional compaction of the underlying peat and (ii) avulsions of the channels away from the original floodplain, resulting in formation of a new floodplain. The processes which caused the channels of the Hrabák fluvial system to reach the avulsion threshold were: (i) decrease of rate of creation of accommodation leading to increased sinuosity and thus to a decreased channel slope, and (ii) cross-floodplain tilting of the channel belt caused by differential compaction of underlying organic-rich substratum.  相似文献   

粘性泥石流复式沟床水力特性探讨     

游勇  柳金峰 《山地学报》2006,24(B10):176-181

天然粘性泥石流沟床都是复式断面，不同滩槽宽度比在不同的泥位条件下其水力要素（过流面积、湿周、水力半径）有所不同。引用天然河流水力计算方法，对概化的复式沟床泥石流流量计算表明：滩槽宽度比对滩、槽过流能力及流量分配有较大的影响；同一滩槽比情况下，主槽过流与全断面过流量之比随泥深增大而逐渐减小，而滩面过流与全断面过流量之比却逐渐增大；泥石流复式沟床滩槽影响可用协同度表示，计算分析表明，滩槽比相同时，随泥深增加，滩、槽影响逐渐减小。  相似文献   

Bed forms and bend-arc spacings of some coarse-bedload channels in Upland Britain     

J. A. Milne 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1982,7(3):227-240

Seventy-eight riffle to riffle and 80 bend spacings along eleven coarse-bedload, low sinuosity stream channels in upland Britain have been surveyed. Frequency distributions of these spacings are notably right-skewed. The most common repeating distances between riffles and bend inflections are between 4 and 6 channel widths although spacings up to 20 widths are also present. Riffle and pool locations around bends at different stages of planform development indicate that change is largely through increased sinuosity between two consecutive riffles of an original straight reach. Observed straight segments exhibit alternating riffles and pools evenly spaced at 4-6 widths, and most bends have similarly spaced riffles at their inflections in plan, with the intermediate pool at their apex. However angular deflections between axial lines joining inflections indicate existing sequences of bends did not develop from a single straight reach. Bends which are significantly longer than 4-6 widths are of low sinuosity and represent variability in naturally irregular planforms rather than arcs in advanced stages of meander growth. Adjusted bed topography around such long bends takes two forms. Either a single riffle-pool cycle is present with one or both bed forms being longer than average, or a 4-6 widths spacing is maintained by more than one riffle-pool sequence. Locally, the cross-section characteristics of riffles and pools are also influenced by planform location.  相似文献