Late Quaternary sea‐level change and evolution of Belfast Lough,Northern Ireland: new offshore evidence and implications for sea‐level reconstruction     

Ruth M. K. Plets  S. Louise Callard  J. Andrew G. Cooper  Joseph T. Kelley  Daniel F. Belknap  Robin J. Edwards  Antony J. Long  Rory J. Quinn  Derek W. T. Jackson 《第四纪科学杂志》2019,34(4-5):285-298

The interplay of eustatic and isostatic factors causes complex relative sea‐level (RSL) histories, particularly in paraglacial settings. In this context the past record of RSL is important in understanding ice‐sheet history, earth rheology and resulting glacio‐isostatic adjustment. Field data to develop sea‐level reconstructions are often limited to shallow depths and uncertainty exists as to the veracity of modelled sea‐level curves. We use seismic stratigraphy, 39 vibrocores and 26 radiocarbon dates to investigate the deglacial history of Belfast Lough, Northern Ireland, and reconstruct past RSL. A typical sequence of till, glacimarine and Holocene sediments is preserved. Two sea‐level lowstands (both max. ?40 m) are recorded at c. 13.5 and 11.5k cal a bp . Each is followed by a rapid transgression and subsequent periods of RSL stability. The first transgression coincides temporally with a late stage of Meltwater Pulse 1a and the RSL stability occurred between c. 13.0 and c. 12.2k cal a bp (Younger Dryas). The second still/slowstand occurred between c. 10.3 and c. 11.5k cal a bp . Our data provide constraints on the direction and timing of RSL change during deglaciation. Application of the Depth of Closure concept adds an error term to sea‐level reconstructions based on seismic stratigraphic reconstructions.  相似文献   

Late‐glacial to Holocene depositional architecture of the Ombrone palaeovalley system (Southern Tuscany,Italy): Sea‐level,climate and local control in valley‐fill variability          下载免费PDF全文

Anna Breda  Alessandro Amorosi  Veronica Rossi  Fabio Fusco 《Sedimentology》2016,63(5):1124-1148

The Ombrone palaeovalley was incised during the last glacial sea‐level fall and was infilled during the subsequent Late‐glacial to Holocene transgression. A detailed sedimentological and stratigraphic study of two cores along the palaeovalley axis led to reconstruction of the post‐Last Glacial Maximum valley‐fill history. Stratigraphic correlations show remarkable similarity in the Late‐glacial to early‐Holocene succession, but discrepancy in the Holocene portion of the valley fill. Above the palaeovalley floor, about 60 m below sea‐level, Late‐glacial sedimentation is recorded by an unusually thick alluvial succession dated back to ca 18 cal kyr bp . The Holocene onset was followed by the retrogradational shift from alluvial to coastal facies. In seaward core OM1, the transition from inner to outer estuarine environments marks the maximum deepening of the system. By comparison, in landward core OM2, the emplacement of estuarine conditions was interrupted by renewed continental sedimentation. Swamp to lacustrine facies, stratigraphically equivalent to the fully estuarine facies of core OM1, represent the proximal expression of the maximum flooding zone. This succession reflects location in a confined segment of the valley, just landward of the confluence with a tributary valley. It is likely that sudden sediment input from the tributary produced a topographic threshold, damming the main valley course and isolating its landward segment from the sea. The seaward portion of the Ombrone palaeovalley presents the typical estuarine backfilling succession of allogenically controlled incised valleys. In contrast, in the landward portion of the system, local dynamics completely overwhelmed the sea‐level signal, following marine ingression. This study highlights the complexity of palaeovalley systems, where local morphologies, changes in catchment areas, drainage systems and tributary valleys may produce facies patterns significantly different from the general stratigraphic organization depicted by traditional sequence‐stratigraphic models.  相似文献   

内蒙古黄花滩铜镍矿区辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年及地球化学特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵泽霖  李俊建  党智财  付超  唐文龙  王守光  刘利双  赵丽君 《岩矿测试》2016,35(2):208-216

在乌拉特后旗—达茂旗—四子王旗一带的内蒙古中部地区分布着超基性-酸性连续岩浆系列,开展其岩体年代学、地球化学研究可为内蒙古中部地区与超基性-基性岩有关的铜镍矿成矿规律研究提供基础地质资料,还可以推断岩浆侵位时期的区域大地构造背景。本文以达茂旗黄花滩铜镍矿区出露的辉长岩为研究对象,采用LA-ICP-MS仪器对无裂隙、高透明度、阴极发光均匀、环带清晰的锆石进行U-Pb定年,获得岩体加权平均年龄为262.4±1.1 Ma,并利用XRF和ICP-MS进行岩石地球化学分析显示黄花滩辉长岩具有后碰撞拉伸环境下的岩浆特征。综合前人相关研究认为,内蒙古中部地区于中二叠世晚期(255~275 Ma)已经进入后碰撞构造阶段,而古亚洲洋在该区域的闭合应发生在晚二叠世前(~285 Ma),此结论丰富了古亚洲洋闭合时间上限及中晚二叠世期间内蒙古中部地区构造背景方面的证据。  相似文献   

日本囊对虾(Marsupenaeus japonicus)秋繁仔虾形态表型与抗流性能间的相关性   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

王志铮  朱海军  任夙艺  斯烈钢  祝本强 《海洋与湖沼》2016,47(2):360-368

于水温(18.0±1.0)°C、盐度20、pH 8.1±0.2条件下,以水流为胁迫因子(时长1min),以日本囊对虾秋繁同生群仔虾[总长(7.643±0.639)mm]为实验对象,以溢水口(实验初始时刻仔虾放置处)为起点,按等距离间距法将自制的水流测定装置(总长1m)依次划分为A(0—25cm)、B(25—50cm)、C(50—75cm)、D(75—100cm)和E(100cm)等五个区段,在确认实验终了时刻分布于A区段内仔虾数量占实验仔虾总数5%的水流速度为0.823cm/s后,以此为实验流速,借助显微扫描像素测量技术和多元分析方法定量研究了A、B、C、D、E实验群体(依次为实验终止时刻分布于A、B、C、D、E区段内的仔虾)个体间形态比例性状间的差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉15项形态测量指标中,各实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的形态性状共计8项,依次为X_4(眼径)、X_5(头胸甲长)、X_6(头胸甲高)、X_7(第一腹节长)、X_8(第二腹节长)、X_9(第三腹节长)、X_~(10)(第四腹节长)和X_14(腹节高);(2)在所涉17项形态比例指标中,实验群体间均无显著差异(P0.05)的形态比例性状共计7项,依次为C_2(额剑长/总长)、C_9(第五腹节长/总长)、C_(10)(尾节长/总长)、C_(11)(尾扇长/总长)、C_(15)(头胸甲高/头胸甲长)、C_(16)(腹节高/第一腹节长)和C_(17)(尾节高/尾节长);(3)经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达80.795%,其中第1主成分39.561%,其载荷绝对值大于0.5的主要影响变量占形态比例性状总数的47.059%;(4)将A实验群体定义为水流胁迫处理选留群,B、C、D、E实验群体统归为水流胁迫处理淘汰群。采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的C_1(第一触角柄长/总长)、C3(眼径/总长)、C7(第三腹节长/总长)、C13(额剑长/头胸甲长)为自变量,所建的Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分淘汰群和选留群个体,其中选留群的判别准确率P_1、P_2分别为98%和84.85%,淘汰群的判别准确率P_1、P_2分别为82.25%和97.63%,两者综合判别准确率为90.12%。综上可知,借助形态表型分型可实现日本囊对虾仔虾不同抗流性能群体间的筛选。  相似文献   

The Housing Market and Population Vulnerabilities: Perceptions in a Fordist and a Post‐Fordist Context          下载免费PDF全文

Madhuri Sharma 《Geographical review》2016,106(4):588-613

Drawing on qualitative interviews and participatory urban‐appraisal tools, this paper analyzes household perceptions on the five elements of Lawrence and Su‐Yeul's market‐led pluralism (M‐LP) framework (2008). It uses post‐Fordist Columbus, Ohio, and Fordist Milwaukee, Wisconsin, as testing grounds for these household perspectives. M‐LP suggests that at the center of contemporary housing market lie five elements: developers/builders who unveil new urban spaces with culturally open communities; lending agencies that offer affordable mortgages to all; real estate brokers/agents who have moved past discriminatory practices; consumers whose preferences emphasize class‐type elements; and communities that impose development agendas. While many felt that the housing market of the mid‐2000s was racially blind, race still played a crucial role in driving home‐buying decisions, especially in Milwaukee. Columbus respondents aligned more closely with M‐LP, putting greater emphasis on class, but they also used phrases and words to blur race and class distinction. Both metropolises, though, illustrated complex intertwining between class and culture.  相似文献   

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)     

Emily Keeble  David I. Whiteside  Michael J. Benton 《Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. Geologists' Association》2018,129(2):99-119

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.  相似文献   

灾区恢复重建后效评估研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

赵亮  何凡能  杨帆 《干旱区地理》2020,43(5):1337-1347

随着全球变化加剧,世界各地自然灾害的频发,国际社会为应对自然灾害进行了不懈努 力,历届世界减灾大会不断强调对应急管理全流程的研究,恢复重建作为应急管理的重要环节而 得到广泛重视。积极开展灾区恢复重建后效评估有利于保障灾区恢复重建实施与区域可持续发 展。灾区恢复重建后效评估研究时间较短,首先比较分析了国内外恢复重建的内涵,明确了恢复 重建后效评估的基本概念,并梳理了灾区恢复重建后效评估的在中国的发展演变。由于灾区恢复 重建内容复杂多样,本文结合灾区恢复重建后效评估的发展历程、研究范围与关注时段,分别从项 目、要素与可持续性三个关键视角对后效评估的理论方法等展开评述,结果表明：（1）项目后效评 估在灾区恢复重建后效评估中起步较早,现有评估多集中于居民住房、基础设施、公共设施等工程 质量的评估,但缺乏对项目设计过程中社会居民参与度、公众满意度以及社会经济效益等的评 估。（2）要素后效评估在灾区恢复重建后效评估中涉及范围最广,具体包括社会、经济与环境等要 素,这些要素的评估受政策绩效影响较大,后期需要构建综合的评估体系以开展科学评估。（3）可 持续性后效评估以联合国可持续发展目标与地方国民经济与社会发展计划为基础构建评估框架, 有利于促进灾区的可持续发展。通过综合分析《仙台减轻灾害风险框架》中“重建的更好”(BBB)理 念,联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）以及《巴黎协定》适应全球变化等诉求,结合当前灾区恢复重建 后效评估现状进行展望,以期为灾区恢复重建与可持续发展提供一个更为系统、综合的技术参考。  相似文献   

免像控无人机在地形图测量中的应用     

刘书林  黄磊 《北京测绘》2020,(2):243-245

通过eBeePlus免像控无人机航空摄影测量系统应用于1∶500地形图测绘工程实例,探究其在实践中的制图精度及适用性。使用emotion3、Pix4dMapper等软件进行外业航飞、内业影像处理,对比分析RTK和PPK两种解算方式下的制图精度,两者均满足规范要求,PPK解算方式更适宜在实践中使用;结合Eps软件制作数字线划地图,对于影像中无法提取的房屋边线、植被覆盖区域地物,采取全野外调绘、实测进行补充,阐述了无人机航测与传统数字化测图相结合的作业方式。  相似文献   

Long‐term landscape evolution: linking tectonics and surface processes     

Paul Bishop 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2007,32(3):329-365

Research in landscape evolution over millions to tens of millions of years slowed considerably in the mid‐20th century, when Davisian and other approaches to geomorphology were replaced by functional, morphometric and ultimately process‐based approaches. Hack's scheme of dynamic equilibrium in landscape evolution was perhaps the major theoretical contribution to long‐term landscape evolution between the 1950s and about 1990, but it essentially ‘looked back’ to Davis for its springboard to a viewpoint contrary to that of Davis, as did less widely known schemes, such as Crickmay's hypothesis of unequal activity. Since about 1990, the field of long‐term landscape evolution has blossomed again, stimulated by the plate tectonics revolution and its re‐forging of the link between tectonics and topography, and by the development of numerical models that explore the links between tectonic processes and surface processes. This numerical modelling of landscape evolution has been built around formulation of bedrock river processes and slope processes, and has mostly focused on high‐elevation passive continental margins and convergent zones; these models now routinely include flexural and denudational isostasy. Major breakthroughs in analytical and geochronological techniques have been of profound relevance to all of the above. Low‐temperature thermochronology, and in particular apatite fission track analysis and (U–Th)/He analysis in apatite, have enabled rates of rock uplift and denudational exhumation from relatively shallow crustal depths (up to about 4 km) to be determined directly from, in effect, rock hand specimens. In a few situations, (U–Th)/He analysis has been used to determine the antiquity of major, long‐wavelength topography. Cosmogenic isotope analysis has enabled the determination of the ‘ages’ of bedrock and sedimentary surfaces, and/or the rates of denudation of these surfaces. These latter advances represent in some ways a ‘holy grail’ in geomorphology in that they enable determination of ‘dates and rates’ of geomorphological processes directly from rock surfaces. The increasing availability of analytical techniques such as cosmogenic isotope analysis should mean that much larger data sets become possible and lead to more sophisticated analyses, such as probability density functions (PDFs) of cosmogenic ages and even of cosmogenic isotope concentrations (CICs). PDFs of isotope concentrations must be a function of catchment area geomorphology (including tectonics) and it is at least theoretically possible to infer aspects of source area geomorphology and geomorphological processes from PDFs of CICs in sediments (‘detrital CICs’). Thus it may be possible to use PDFs of detrital CICs in basin sediments as a tool to infer aspects of the sediments' source area geomorphology and tectonics, complementing the standard sedimentological textural and compositional approaches to such issues. One of the most stimulating of recent conceptual advances has followed the considerations of the relationships between tectonics, climate and surface processes and especially the recognition of the importance of denudational isostasy in driving rock uplift (i.e. in driving tectonics and crustal processes). Attention has been focused very directly on surface processes and on the ways in which they may ‘drive’ rock uplift and thus even influence sub‐surface crustal conditions, such as pressure and temperature. Consequently, the broader geoscience communities are looking to geomorphologists to provide more detailed information on rates and processes of bedrock channel incision, as well as on catchment responses to such bedrock channel processes. More sophisticated numerical models of processes in bedrock channels and on their flanking hillslopes are required. In current numerical models of long‐term evolution of hillslopes and interfluves, for example, the simple dependency on slope of both the fluvial and hillslope components of these models means that a Davisian‐type of landscape evolution characterized by slope lowering is inevitably ‘confirmed’ by the models. In numerical modelling, the next advances will require better parameterized algorithms for hillslope processes, and more sophisticated formulations of bedrock channel incision processes, incorporating, for example, the effects of sediment shielding of the bed. Such increasing sophistication must be matched by careful assessment and testing of model outputs using pre‐established criteria and tests. Confirmation by these more sophisticated Davisian‐type numerical models of slope lowering under conditions of tectonic stability (no active rock uplift), and of constant slope angle and steady‐state landscape under conditions of ongoing rock uplift, will indicate that the Davis and Hack models are not mutually exclusive. A Hack‐type model (or a variant of it, incorporating slope adjustment to rock strength rather than to regolith strength) will apply to active settings where there is sufficient stream power and/or sediment flux for channels to incise at the rate of rock uplift. Post‐orogenic settings of decreased (or zero) active rock uplift would be characterized by a Davisian scheme of declining slope angles and non‐steady‐state (or transient) landscapes. Such post‐orogenic landscapes deserve much more attention than they have received of late, not least because the intriguing questions they pose about the preservation of ancient landscapes were hinted at in passing in the 1960s and have recently re‐surfaced. As we begin to ask again some of the grand questions that lay at the heart of geomorphology in its earliest days, large‐scale geomorphology is on the threshold of another ‘golden’ era to match that of the first half of the 20th century, when cyclical approaches underpinned virtually all geomorphological work. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Effectiveness of simple approaches in mitigating residual deformations in buildings     

Didier Pettinga  Constantin Christopoulos  Stefano Pampanin  Nigel Priestley 《地震工程与结构动力学》2007,36(12):1763-1783

Developments in performance‐based seismic design and assessment approaches have emphasized the importance of considering residual deformations. Recent investigations have also led to a proposed direct displacement‐based design (DDBD) approach which includes an explicit consideration of the expected residual deformations as an integral part of the design process. Having estimated the expected residual deformations in a structure, engineers are faced with the problem of reducing them to meet the targeted performance levels under pre‐defined seismic hazard levels. Previous studies have identified the post‐yield stiffness as a primary factor influencing the magnitude of residual deformations in single degree of freedom and multiple degree of freedom structures. In this paper, a series of simple approaches to increase the post‐yield stiffness of traditional framed and braced systems for the purpose of reducing residual deformations are investigated. These methods do not utilize recentring post‐tensioned technology. This contribution addresses the feasibility of altering the lateral post‐yield stiffness of structural systems by: (i) using different reinforcement materials with beneficial features in their stress–strain behaviour; (ii) re‐designing the section geometry and properties of primary seismic‐resisting elements; and (iii) introducing a secondary elastic frame to act in parallel with the primary system. The efficiency of each of these techniques is investigated through monotonic and cyclic moment‐curvature and non‐linear time‐history analyses. Of these approaches the design and introduction of an elastic secondary system was found to be most effective and consistent in reducing residual deformations. A simplified design approach for achieving the desired increase of a system's post‐yield stiffness is also presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献