Plowing paradise: snow clearing and urban solar radiation absorption     

Susan W. S. Millar 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):197-209

Abstract

Urban heat islands result from human modification of land surfaces. Snow cover reduces heating due to its reflectivity; however, urban snow is quickly plowed, thus altering surface radiative properties. The goal of this study was to evaluate the extent to which municipal snow removal affects the magnitude of solar input associated with changes in the radiation balance. Incoming and reflected shortwave radiation, surface radiating temperature, air temperature, and snow depth were measured with portable devices at eight sites in Syracuse, New York. Sites were classified as cleared, undisturbed, or snow piles. Measurements were taken following fresh snowfall, and continuing until snow had melted. A HOBO weather station provided hourly baseline conditions. Longevity of snow varied across snow site types, with greater persistence when in piles and on open areas. Albedo was reduced and surface temperatures were higher over cleared areas. The difference between absorbed energy due to clearing was quantified using an albedo regression model for undisturbed sites and comparing these to average reflectivity of cleared surfaces. The magnitude difference over the study period ranged from 841 million to 1670 million MJ. Snow plowing is therefore a significant source of additional energy that enhances the winter urban heat island.  相似文献   

我国“海洋1”号卫星(HY-1)CCD图像数据定量化条带消除研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

孙凌  唐军武  张杰 《海洋学报》2002,24(6):20-33

条带(striping)对于大量的航天和航空传感器来说是一种普遍存在的现象,任何使用多个探测器进行数据获取的遥感器图像数据中均存在条带.目前消除条带的算法主要是针对光机扫描仪,对于CCD相机工作做得比较少.针对HY-1CCD线阵推扫式多光谱相机的特点,以及发射前辐射定标的结果,对遥感器图像数据中的条带问题进行了预研,提出了一种定量化的消条带算法.该方法根据卫星数据特性求出各探测器间的均衡化曲线以反映探测器之间的差异,并据此来消除条带.实验结果表明该方法能够有效解决CCD相机的条带问题,而且可以保持数据原有的物理意义,并可与在轨辐射校正衔接,保证发射前后定标算法的一致性.  相似文献   

一种修正的SeaWinds散射计圆中数滤波法     

陈克海  解学通  陈晓翔  戴泳斯  黄舟  彭霞 《热带海洋学报》2006,25(5):31-35

利用最大似然法(MLE)对SeaWinds散射计数据反演得出的风矢量一般存在2—4个模糊解,而且第1模糊解构成的风场在轨道外侧区域容易出现块状模糊,所以不能像SASS和NSCAT等散射计那样,以第1模糊解初始化风场后用圆中数滤波法进行模糊去除。文章根据SeaWinds散射计第1模糊解的空间分布特性,对传统圆中数滤波法进行了修正,使之适合SeaWinds散射计的模糊去除,即在缺乏参考数据进行初始化的前提下,能够有效去除块状模糊问题。  相似文献   

Seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China     

G.C. Chen  Y. Ye  C.Y. Lu 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,79(4):701-706

The seasonal variability of leaf litter removal by crabs was observed from May 2006 to April 2007 in a Kandelia candel mangrove forest in Jiulongjiang Estuary, China. Daily average quantities of leaf fall ranged 0.85–3.86 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, with high values in May, August, October and November. The whole-year's leaf fall was 6.48 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (1.81 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹). The standing stock of leaf litter on the forest floor was 7.78 gDW m⁻² averaged from the whole year's data, with the lowest value in December (1.23 gDW m⁻²) and the highest in April (16.18 gDW m⁻²). Annually averaged removal (consumption on mangrove floor + burial in burrows) rate of leaf litter by crabs was 0.59 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. High seasonal variability was observed in the removal rates of leaf litter by crabs. Removal rates in the winter months (December, January and February) were 0.07–0.09 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹, much lower than those in other months with values of 0.59–1.18 gDW m⁻² d⁻¹. Annually averaged percentage of leaf fall removed by crabs was 33%, with the highest values in September (reached 76%) and the lowest values in winter months. Of leaf litter removed by crabs, a large proportion was buried by crabs, and only 12% was consumed by crabs on the forest floor. Leaf litter removal rate, consumption rate on the forest floor, percentages of leaf fall and standing stock removed on the forest floor were significantly positively correlated with air temperature, indicating that leaf removal ability by crabs was higher in warm months than in cold months.  相似文献   

淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性的影响     

张文博  柏巍  孔令伟  樊恒辉  岳秀 《岩土力学》2022,(2)

以湖北省鄂州市庙岭镇的红黏土为研究对象,以化学选择溶解法结合淋溶作用为处理手段,将原状土样中的游离氧化铁按梯度去除,获得连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液淋溶时间与除铁率的关系,并分析了不同淋溶时间对红黏土物理力学特性及微观孔隙结构的影响。试验结果表明,DCB溶液淋溶时间与除铁率相关性较强,除铁率与时间呈先快速增长后逐渐稳定的关系。由于游离氧化铁在土颗粒间主要起胶结作用,故淋溶时间对红黏土的物理力学特性有较大影响。随着淋溶时间的增长,黏粒与胶粒含量逐渐增大,耐热性小幅提升,无侧限抗压强度显著减小,且无侧限抗压强度变化整体趋势为前期急剧降低至后期趋于平稳。核磁共振、差热分析和电镜扫描的结果表明,随着淋溶时间的增大,庙岭红黏土内部孔隙增大,自由水减少,结合水增多,微观形态上团粒结构遭到破坏,胶结物质明显减少,结构形式从紧凑的粒团堆叠结构逐渐转化为聚集体-松散颗粒状结构。  相似文献   

牛庄洼陷浊积岩储层定量描述方法及应用     

王奇韵 《地质论评》2023,69(Z1):297-298

  相似文献   

汉源大渡河大桥巨厚砂层大直径灌注桩施工技术          下载免费PDF全文

刘祥  兰沁  周春华  胡孝荣  谭启奎 《探矿工程》2021,48(7):104-109

汉源大树大渡河大桥2号桥墩12根钻孔灌注桩,钻孔直径2500 mm,钻孔深度为63~75 m不等,桩径大,桩孔深,属于河水位以下的巨厚砂层桩基,具有一定的施工难度。2号墩基岩上覆覆盖层存在多层砂土及卵石夹土（质土）,且砂层巨厚,在11.5~49.4 m之间除厚5.5 m的卵石夹土外均为砂土,对桩基成孔施工极为不利。采用冲击钻进成孔,泥浆净化除渣系统,通过对钻头直径的控制、内护筒的使用、灌注时导管埋深的控制等措施,确保了工程的顺利完工。相关技术措施可为其他类似工程提供借鉴。  相似文献   

Electrocoagulation/Electroflotation Process for Removal of Organics and Microplastics in Laundry Wastewater     

Ceyhun Akarsu  Fatma Deniz 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2021,49(1)

In the present research, laundry wastewater treatment is studied using the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process. For the optimization of treatment conditions such as electrode type (Al–Al, Al–Fe, Fe–Fe, and Fe–Al), initial pH (5–9), current (0.54–2.16 A), and application time (15–60 min), response surface methodology is used. Removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, anionic surfactant, microplastic, and phosphate are studied. It is determined that the most effective removal is obtained with 2.16 A current, pH 9, and 60 min reaction time using Fe–Al electrode. Here, 91%, 94%, 100%, and 98% removal efficiencies are achieved for COD, surfactant, color, and microplastic, respectively. The operating cost of the combined process is calculated as $1.32 m^?3 for the optimum removal parameters. The adsorption kinetics study shows that the removal follows second‐order kinetics. The laboratory‐scale test results indicate that the electrocoagulation/electroflotation process is feasible for the treatment of laundry wastewater.  相似文献   

切磨过程中花岗石材料去除机理研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李远  黄辉  于怡青  徐西鹏 《矿物学报》2001,21(3):401-405

深入理解切磨过程中花岗石材料的去除机理是优化加工设备，加工工具以及加工参数的基础。本文研究了花岗石的断口表面、锯切表面、粗磨表面以及精磨表面形貌特征，并结合切磨过程中临界载荷、单颗金刚石磨粒所承受的切削力以及比能特征，对加工表面形成机理进行了分析。研究表明，材料的去除机理与单颗磨粒的最大切削厚度直接相关。随着单颗金刚石磨粒最大切削厚度的减小、花岗石的去除方式也逐渐由脆性断裂为主转为塑性流变为主。由于不同的材料去除机制对应不同的能量消耗，可以通过调节单颗磨粒的最大切削厚度控制材料的去除方式，进而控制能量消耗。因此，均匀的磨粒出露高度对于控制切磨过程中材料的去除机理和优化加工过程具有重要意义。  相似文献   

Adjusting stream-sediment geochemical maps in the Austrian Bohemian Massif by analysis of variance     

J. C. Davis  G. Hausberger  O. Schermann  G. Bohling 《Mathematical Geology》1995,27(2):279-299

The Austrian portion of the Bohemian Massif is a Precambrian terrane composed mostly of highly metamorphosed rocks intruded by a series of granitoids that are petrographically similar. Rocks are exposed poorly and the subtle variations in rock type are difficult to map in the field. A detailed geochemical survey of stream sediments in this region has been conducted and included as part of the Geochemischer Atlas der Republik Österreich,and the variations in stream sediment composition may help refine the geological interpretation. In an earlier study, multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the stream-sediment data in order to minimize unwanted sampling variation and emphasize relationships between stream sediments and rock types in sample catchment areas. The estimated coefficients were used successfully to correct for the sampling effects throughout most of the region, but also introduced an overcorrection in some areas that seems to result from consistent but subtle differences in composition of specific rock types. By expanding the model to include an additional factor reflecting the presence of a major tectonic unit, the Rohrbach block, the overcorrection is removed. This iterative process simultaneously refines both the geochemical map by removing extraneous variation and the geological map by suggesting a more detailed classification of rock types.  相似文献