藻型湖区氧化亚氮排放特征及其影响因素     

廖远珊  肖启涛  刘臻婧  胡正华  张弥  肖薇  段洪涛 《湖泊科学》2023,35(2):483-492

湖泊等内陆水体是大气N₂O潜在的重要排放源,也是全球N₂O收支估算的重要组成部分。目前全球湖泊普遍面临富营养化和蓝藻暴发等问题,明晰藻型湖泊N₂O排放强度及其环境影响因子对准确估算湖泊N₂O排放和预测其未来变化至关重要。本研究选择太湖藻型湖区为研究对象,同时选取人为活动影响较小的湖心区作为对比区域,基于2011年8月至2013年8月为期2年的逐月连续观测,探讨藻型湖区N₂O排放特征及其影响因素。结果表明,藻型湖区呈现极强的N₂O排放,其排放通量为(4.88±3.05) mmol/(m²·d),是参考区域(湖心:(2.10±4.31) mmol/(m²·d))的2倍多。此外,在藻型湖区中不同点位N₂O排放差异显著,受河流外源输入影响,近岸区是N₂O的热点排放区,其年均排放通量高达10.93 mmol/(m²·d)。连续观测表明N₂  相似文献   

Statistical study of spatial variation of response spectrum using free field records of dense strong motion arrays     

Hideji Kawakami  Shailendra Sharma 《地震工程与结构动力学》1999,28(11):1273-1294

Spatial variation of acceleration response spectra is examined using strong motion records for a large number of events from dense accelerometer arrays at Chiba in Japan and SMART-1 in Lotung, Taiwan. The effects of earthquake component, structural damping, earthquake magnitude, focal depth, epicentral distance, structural time period, and station separation on the intra-event variation of response spectra are examined first through an empirical analysis and then through a least-square regression fit for parametric study. A very large scatter of the response spectra ratio is observed for both arrays, especially for SMART-1 array. The mean values of the ratio vary from 10 to 20 per cent for Chiba array while they vary from 25 to 50 per cent for SMART-1 array. The coefficients of variation of the ratio range from 5 to 25 per cent for Chiba array and 30 to 50 per cent for SMART-1 array. The correlation among response spectra is found to be inversely proportional to station separation and shows frequency dependence. For larger time periods, the correlation is lower and not higher. The correlation is also lower for UD earthquake component as compared to the two horizontal components. For higher damping ratio, the correlation among spectra is higher. The effect of the earthquake magnitude, focal depth and epicentral distance on the spatial variation is complex. The three parameters having implicit interdependence, considering their combined effect, a positive contribution to the value of ratio of response spectra is observed in the case of larger earthquake events. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the spatial variation for SMART-1 array is much larger than that for Chiba array. This difference can be attributed mainly to the difference in distance between the instruments in the two arrays. However, some of the difference is considered to be due to site specific characteristics. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Spatially distributed hydrotope‐based modelling of evapotranspiration and runoff in mountainous basins     

Joachim Gurtz  Andri Baltensweiler  Herbert Lang 《水文研究》1999,13(17):2751-2768

River basins in mountainous regions are characterized by strong variations in topography, vegetation, soils, climatic conditions and snow cover conditions, and all are strongly related to altitude. The high spatial variation needs to be considered when modelling hydrological processes in such catchments. A complex hydrological model, with a great potential to account for spatial variability, was developed and applied for the hourly simulation of evapotranspiration, soil moisture, water balance and the runoff components for the period 1993 and 1994 in 12 subcatchments of the alpine/pre‐alpine basin of the River Thur (area 1703 km²). The basin is located in the north‐east of the Swiss part of the Rhine Basin and has an elevation range from 350 to 2500 m a.s.l. A considerable part of the Thur Basin is high mountain area, some of it above the tree‐line and a great part of the basin is snow covered during the winter season. In the distributed hydrological model, the 12 sub‐basins of the Thur catchment were spatially subdivided into sub‐areas (hydrologically similar response units—HRUs or hydrotopes) using a GIS. Within the HRUs a hydrologically similar behaviour was assumed. Spatial interpolations of the meteorological input variables wereemployed for each altitudinal zone. The structure of the model components for snow accumulation and melt, interception, soil water storage and uptake by evapotranspiration, runoff generation and flow routing are briefly outlined. The results of the simulated potential evapotranspiration reflect the dominant role of altitudinal change in radiation and albedo of exposure, followed by the influence of slope. The actual evapotranspiration shows, in comparison with the potential evapotranspiration, a greater variability in the lower and medium altitudinal zones and a smaller variability in the upper elevation zones, which was associated with limitations of available moisture in soil and surface depression storages as well as with the evaporative demand of the local vegetation. The higher altitudinal dependency and variability of runoff results from the strong increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation with increased altitude. An increasing influence of snow cover on runoff as well as evapotranspiration with altitude is obvious. The computed actual evapotranspiration and runoff were evaluated against the observed values of a weighting lysimeter and against runoff hydrographs. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

山东夏季气温年际变化形成的气候特征   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

于群 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(1):13-19

为研究本地区短期气候预测方法,利用山东80个代表站夏季平均气温、降水量资料和NCEP／NCAR月平均再分析资料(1961～2001年),分析了夏季平均气温年际变化的气候特征、冷暖夏的环流形势及夏季风与气温的关系。结果表明：EOF第一模态几乎反映了整个温度场的时空变化特征;夏季气温标准化距平年际变化显著,有弱线性增温趋势;极端冷、暖夏大气环流形势差异明显,显著差异区在亚欧一北太平洋地区,冷夏年中高纬度欧亚大陆存在正欧亚一太平洋(EUP)型遥相关,东亚地区有负太平洋-日本(PJ)型波列,暖夏年反之。东亚夏季风强弱与山东夏季气温关系密切,强(弱)夏季风时,易造成山东暖(冷)夏;同期降水对气温有负反馈,对气温升高有一定的抑制作用。  相似文献   

全球季风系统的稳定性与年代际变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

左瑞亭  王丽琼  蔡丹  张东凌 《气候与环境研究》2005,10(3):342-350

采用1948～2004年共57年NCEP再分析逐日风场资料,分3个气候时段对全球季风系统的稳定性与年代际变化作了初步研究.发现全球季风系统的地理分布和斜压结构具有很好的稳定性,但强度存在明显的年代际变化.季风的年代际变化以强度的局域振荡和持续加强或减弱为主要形式,不具有传播性.不同高度季风年代际变化的敏感区不同,在对流层低层主要的年代际变化位于北半球中的东半球;而在对流层高层则位于西半球热带地区;在平流层则在环球的两个纬带(20～40°N和赤道带).  相似文献   

黄海夏季典型站位的底边界层动物   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

章飞军  张岩松  张晓凌  郭学武  梁振林 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(6):961-966

2002年8月25~26日,在黄海夏季冷水团区域内的抛锚站位(35°22′N,121°59′E),使用柱状界面采样器进行了昼夜连续取样,对底边界层动物的种类组成与昼夜丰度变化进行了研究,以获得对黄海底边界层动物的初步认识。共记录底边界层动物21种,隶属18科、19属。超底栖动物和中型浮游动物是黄海夏季底边界层动物的2个重要类群,主要种类有尖额真猛水蚤(Euterpina acutifrons)、挪威小毛猛水蚤(Microsetella norvegica)、异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidium miraculum)、双刺纺缍水蚤(Acartia bifilosa)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus),其丰度皆有明显的昼夜波动现象。以桡足类无节幼体为代表的小型浮游动物也是底边界层动物中不容忽视的类群之一。采集到5个黄海区的新记录物种:美丽猛水蚤(Nitocrasp.)、跛足猛水蚤(Mesochrasp.)、咸水剑水蚤(Halicyclopssp.)、掌刺梭剑水蚤(Lubbockia squillimana)和异厚盖钩虾(Synchelidi-um miraculum),显示出底边界层动物种类组成的特殊性。  相似文献   

径流量干旱指数在河西走廊灌区的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

王劲松  冯建英  吴伟 《气象》2005,31(11):11-14

利用径流量干旱指数以及河西地区的酒泉、张掖和武威的春小麦单产资料,探讨干旱指数的等级与去趋势春小麦产量之间的关系.研究结果表明,径流量干旱指数与河西灌溉区春小麦气候产量呈反位相的变化趋势.因此,可利用径流量干旱指数的变化来预测该地区未来春小麦产量变化趋势.  相似文献   

黄河上游近60年水沙变化特征及其影响因素     

张曦泽  杨丽虎  宋献方 《湖泊科学》2024,36(2):602-619

由于受人类活动及气候变化影响,黄河上游干流水沙特征发生显著变化。为探究黄河上游水沙变化情况,基于黄河上游5个水文站1964-2019年水沙、遥感影像等数据,利用Mann-Kendall检验法、滑动t检验法、累积距平曲线和双累积曲线等突变检验方法和小波分析法,对黄河上游水沙变化特征进行研究。利用水沙关系曲线及线性回归法等方法估算人类活动和气候对水沙变化的贡献率,并着重讨论梯级水库建设及土地利用变化对水沙的影响。结果表明:1)黄河上游玛曲-小川段流域内降雨量和径流量变化幅度不明显,贵德站、循化站、小川站1986-2019年年均输沙量分别减至1964-1985年的9.8%、24.6%、38.8%,输沙量大大减少。黄河上游玛曲-小川段径流量突变多在1986年,输沙量突变多在1969、1986、2004年,径流量存在8、16、22 a周期,输沙量存在4~8、18~21、27 a周期。2)1969年后,河流输沙能力增强,水沙关系显著改变。在不同时段内,人类活动对径流量变化在1987-2019年贡献率为66.3%,对输沙量变化在1970-1986、1987-2004、2005-2019年的贡献率为72.96%、70.73%、69.7%。人类活动对黄河上游干流水沙影响占据主导因素。3)刘家峡水库淤积最为严重,单库运行期水库淤积量为2.39亿t,排沙比变化范围为1.39%~10.7%。梯级水库联调使得径流量在1964-2004年间减少47.8%,1964-2019年间梯级水库减沙94.8%,梯级水库对输沙量影响远大于对径流量的影响。4)1980-2020年间,草地面积增加了1880.03 km²,增幅3.1%,有利于减少输沙量,草地拦沙效益大于截流效益。  相似文献   

近50年石家庄地-气温差变化特征     

卞韬  任国玉  刘思廷  赵煊  范欣 《气象科技》2024,52(1):116-123

利用石家庄17个国家气象站1972—2021年逐日地面气温、0 cm地温资料,分析了石家庄地-气温差的变化特征,结果表明：(1)石家庄地-气温差从1月开始逐渐增加,5月达到最大值5.0℃,然后开始减小,12月达到最小值-0.8℃;地-气温差在11月到次年1月为负值;春、夏、秋季均为正值,夏季最大,春季大于秋季,冬季以负值为主;(2)石家庄多年平均地-气温差在1.6～2.6℃之间,平均为2.1℃;整体上东部大于西部。(3)近50年石家庄年平均地-气温差呈显著的减小趋势,变化速率为-0.14℃/10a;夏、秋、冬三季的减小趋势均非常显著,夏季的减小趋势最强;石家庄市区和近郊站点年和四季地-气温差的减少趋势更显著。本文结论对科学认识石家庄城市生态环境的变化具有参考意义。  相似文献   

热带太平洋-印度洋相互关系的年代际改变   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

范伶俐  郭品文 《热带气象学报》2005,21(2):172-180

用Nino3指数、印度洋单极指数、偶极子指数表示热带太平洋．印度洋SST的年际异常,发现1978年以后ENSO在热带印度洋的信号减弱了,可以解释如下：1978年之前,印度洋和太平洋纬向垂直环流的异常在海洋性大陆附近作齿轮式耦合;1978年以后,由于热带太平洋的上升支的东移,导致两洋的纬向垂直环流异常的耦合减弱。  相似文献