Estimating the spatial distribution of snow water equivalent in an alpine basin using binary regression tree models: the impact of digital elevation data and independent variable selection     

N. P. Molotch  M. T. Colee  R. C. Bales  J. Dozier 《水文研究》2005,19(7):1459-1479

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Microstructural characterization of firn     

I. Baker  R. Obbard  D. Iliescu  D. Meese 《水文研究》2007,21(12):1624-1629

In this paper, we use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with X‐ray spectroscopy and electron back‐scattered diffraction patterns to examine firn in cores retrieved by the United States International Trans‐Antarctic Scientific Expedition. From grain boundary grooves we were able to see where the previously existing snow crystals were joined, and can determine grain sizes. From the SEM images, the porosity and the surface area per unit volume of the pores were measured. Finally, we have shown that we can determine the microchemistry of impurities in firn and demonstrated that we can determine the orientations of the firn crystals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

An approach to using snow areal depletion curves inferred from MODIS and its application to land surface modelling in Alaska     

Stephen J. Dry  Vincent V. Salomonson  Marc Stieglitz  Dorothy K. Hall  Igor Appel 《水文研究》2005,19(14):2755-2774

Snowcover areal depletion curves inferred from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) are validated and then applied in NASA's catchment‐based land surface model (CLSM) for numerical simulations of hydrometeorological processes in the Kuparuk River basin (KRB) of Alaska. The results demonstrate that the MODIS snowcover fraction f derived from a simple relationship in terms of the normalized difference snow index compares well with Landsat values over the range 20 ≤ f ≤ 100%. For f < 20%, however, MODIS 500 m subpixel data underestimate the amount of snow by up to 13% compared with Landsat at spatial resolutions of 30 m binned to equivalent 500 m pixels. After a bias correction, MODIS snow areal depletion curves during the spring transition period of 2002 for the KRB exhibit similar features to those derived from surface‐based observations. These results are applied in the CLSM subgrid‐scale snow parameterization that includes a deep and a shallow snowcover fraction. Simulations of the evolution of the snowpack and of freshwater discharge rates for the KRB over a period of 11 years are then analysed with the inclusion of this feature. It is shown that persistent snowdrifts on the arctic landscape, associated with a secondary plateau in the snow areal depletion curves, are hydrologically important. An automated method is developed to generate the shallow and deep snowcover fractions from MODIS snow areal depletion curves. This provides the means to apply the CLSM subgrid‐scale snow parameterization in all watersheds subject to seasonal snowcovers. Improved simulations and predictions of the global surface energy and water budgets are expected with the incorporation of the MODIS snow data into the CLSM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Snow-induced thermal variations around a single conifer tree     

Janet P. Hardy  Mary R. Albert 《水文研究》1995,9(8):923-933

The influence of trees on the ground thermal regime is important to the overall winter energy exchange in a snow-covered, forested watershed. In this work, spatial zones around a single conifer tree were defined and examined for their controls on the snow cover, snow-ground interface temperatures and frozen ground extent. A large white spruce (Picea glauca), approximately 18 m tall with a crown diameter of 7.5 m and located in northern Vermont, was the subject of this study. The tree was instrumented with thermistors to measure the snow-ground interface temperature between the tree trunk and 6 m from the tree into undisturbed snow. Four distinct zones around the conifer are defined that affect the snow distribution characteristics: adjacent to the trunk; the tree well; the tree crown perimeter; and the unaffected area away from the tree. At the time of peak snow accumulation and during the ablation season, snow depth and density profiles were measured. The area beneath the canopy accumulated 34% of the snow accumulated in the undisturbed zone. By the end of the ablation season, the depth of snow under the canopy had decreased to 18% of the undisturbed snow depth. The tree and branch characteristics of spruce in this temperate climate resulted in a different snow depth profile compared with previous empirical relationships around a single conifer. A new relationship is presented for snow distribution around conifer trees that has the ability to better fit data from a variety of conifer types than previously published relationships. Less snow beneath the canopy led to colder snow-ground interface temperatures than measured in undisturbed snow. The depth of frozen ground in the different zones was modelled using a simple analytical solution that showed deeper frost penetration in the tree well than beneath the undisturbed snow.  相似文献   

A review of the stable isotopic composition of nitrate in Antarctic snow and ice          下载免费PDF全文

Shi Guitao  Qin Rui  Ma Hongmei  Hu Zhengyi  An Chunlei  Jiang Su  Li Yuansheng 《极地研究》1988,31(2):117

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南极长城站积雪及其消融过程          下载免费PDF全文

陈肖柏  张永萍 《极地研究》1991,3(3):8-14

南极长城站区稳定积雪期始于4月中至6月初,8月中至10月达最大深度。1988年沿海地带一般积雪深度为0.6～0.8m,低洼处及建筑物附近可达1.2～1.6m,甚至超过1.8m;潮汐带雪盖下部温度受海冰影响普遍偏低;11月底至来年1月初的消融过程中,积雪表层常常处于相变区,雪层底部温度比冰点低0.02℃,融水下渗形成雪盖下部潜流;积雪相态及其温度变化与大气-雪感热通量的变化过程相对应,大气-雪感热交换是积雪消融的重要因子之一。  相似文献   

智能机器人技术在南极科学考察事业中的试验应用          下载免费PDF全文

李丙瑞  秦为稼  郭井学  赵忆文  梁建宏 《极地研究》2009,21(4):336-343

智能机器人技术在极地科学考察事业中有着广阔的应用前景。2007／2008年度第24次南极科学考察中,我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人在南极成功实现了首次应用。扼要介绍国外开发的应用于南极的智能机器人技术,重点介绍我国开发的冰雪面移动和低空飞行机器人及其在南极现场的试验应用情况。此外,作者思考了我国南极考察事业对智能机器人技术的一些潜在需求,以期能对未来的机器人技术开发提供参考。  相似文献   

Some aspects of the hydroclimatology of the Quesnel River Basin,British Columbia,Canada     

Jason E. Burford  Stephen J. Déry  Richard D. Holmes 《水文研究》2009,23(10):1529-1536

In conjunction with available climate data, surface runoff is investigated at 12 gauges in the Quesnel watershed of British Columbia to develop its long‐term (1926–2004) hydroclimatology. At Quesnel itself, annual mean values of air temperature, precipitation and runoff are 4·6 °C, 517 and 648 mm, respectively. Climate data reveal increases in precipitation, no significant trend in mean annual air temperature, but an increasing trend in mean minimum temperatures that is greatest in winter. There is some evidence of decreases in winter snow depth. On the water year scale (October–September), a strong positive correlation is found between discharge and precipitation (r = 0·70, p < 0·01) and a weak negative correlation is found between precipitation and temperature (r = ? 0·36, p < 0·01). Long‐term trends using the Mann‐Kendall test indicate increasing annual discharge amounts that vary from 8 to 14% (12% for the Quesnel River, p = 0·03), and also a tendency toward an earlier spring freshet. River runoff increases at a rate of 1·26 mm yr^?1 m^?1 of elevation from west to east along the strong elevation gradient in the basin. Discharge, temperature and precipitation are correlated with the large‐scale climate indices of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El‐Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Trace element and major ion concentrations and dynamics in glacier snow and melt: Eliot Glacier,Oregon Cascades     

Sarah K. Fortner  W. Berry Lyons  Andrew G. Fountain  Kathleen A. Welch  Natalie M. Kehrwald 《水文研究》2009,23(21):2987-2996

We present concentrations of environmentally available (unfiltered acidified 2% v/v HNO₃) As, Cu, Cd, Pb, V, Sr, and major ions including Ca²⁺, Cl^?, and SO₄^2? in a July 2005 and a March 2006 shallow snow profile from the lower Eliot Glacier, Mount Hood, Oregon, and its proglacial stream, Eliot Creek. Low enrichment factors (EF) with respect to crustal averages suggests that in fresh March 2006 snow environmentally available elements are derived primarily from lithogenic sources. Soluble salts occurred in lower and less variable concentrations in July 2005 snow than March 2006. Conversely, environmentally available trace elements occurred in greater and more variable concentrations in July 2005 than March 2006 snow. Unlike major solutes, particulate‐associated trace elements are not readily eluted during the melt season. Additionally, elevated surface concentrations suggest that they are likely added throughout the year via dry deposition. In a 1‐h stream sampling, ratios of dissolved (<0·45 µm) V:Cl^?, Sr:Cl^?, and Cu:Cl^? are enriched in the Eliot Stream with respect to their environmentally available trace element to Cl^? ratios in Eliot Glacier snow, suggesting chemical weathering additions in the stream waters. Dissolved Pb:Cl^? is depleted in the Eliot Stream with respect to the ratio of environmentally available Pb to Cl^? in snow, corresponding to greater adsorption onto particles at greater pH values. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A conceptual model of water yield effects from beetle‐induced tree death in snow‐dominated lodgepole pine forests     

Evan Pugh  Eric Gordon 《水文研究》2013,27(14):2048-2060

In regions of western North America with snow‐dominated hydrology, the presence of forested watersheds can significantly influence streamflow compared to areas with other vegetation cover types. Widespread tree death in these watersheds can thus dramatically alter many ecohydrologic processes including transpiration, canopy solar transmission and snow interception, subcanopy wind regimes, soil infiltration, forest energy storage and snow surface albedo. One of the more important causes of conifer tree death is bark beetle infestation, which in some instances will kill nearly all of the canopy trees within forest stands. Since 1996, an ongoing outbreak of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) has caused widespread mortality across more than 600,000 km² of coniferous forests in western North America, including numerous Rocky Mountain headwaters catchments with high rates of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) mortality from mountain pin beetle (Dendroctonous ponderosae) infestations. Few empirical studies have documented the effects of MPB infestations on hydrologic processes, and little is known about the direction and magnitude of changes in water yield and timing of runoff due to insect‐induced tree death. Here, we review and synthesize existing research and provide new results quantifying the effects of beetle infestations on canopy structure, snow interception and transmission to create a conceptual model of the hydrologic effects of MPB‐induced lodgepole pine death during different stages of mortality. We identify the primary hydrologic processes operating in living forest stands, stands in multiple stages of death and long‐dead stands undergoing regeneration and estimate the direction of change in new water yield. This conceptual model is intended to identify avenues for future research efforts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献