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961.
比较GPS弦距与常规光电测距弦距的差别,对分析GPS测量误差问题,解决GPS与地面数据联合平差中权的确定问题,以及检核GPS网的解算结果具有重要意义。本文利用一多期复测成果,对其中的一些问题作了初步探讨。 相似文献
962.
东天山北麓2000多年以来的森林线与环境变化 总被引:9,自引:3,他引:9
依据吉木萨尔县泉子街乡桦树窝子和小西沟两个剖面进行高时间分辨率的孢粉分析,结合剖面岩性特征分析、历史文献记录和碳屑鉴定,揭示了天山北麓最近2000多年以来的环境变化。2000aB.P.以前,该地植被为荒漠草原;2000-1300aB.P.(50a B.C.-650A.D.),植被为草原植被,其中1750—1400aB.P.(200—550A.D.),植被为有少量森林的草原植被,当时气候状况较今凉湿,适宜云杉生长,使得云杉林带下移,幅度可达250m左右。当时的年均气温较今低1℃而降水量较高,是新疆历史上一个相对冷湿的环境;约1300—450a B.P.(650—1500A.D.),植被为荒漠草原;4.50aB.P.年以来,植被为荒漠草原—草原。 相似文献
963.
河北省粮食生产发展趋势及其地区差异 总被引:8,自引:1,他引:8
河北省2002年粮食作物播种面积为6484.4千hm2,其中小麦占37.8%,玉米39.7%;粮食、棉花、油料的种植比例为15.9:1.0:1.6。北部四地市粮食播面占全省的23.3%,南部七地市76.7%。2002年粮食总产2435.8万t,为1949年的5.2倍;粮食单产3756kg/hm2,为1949年的5.8倍;人均粮食362kg,为1949年的2.4倍。北部地区粮食总产占全省的17.2%,南部地区82.8%。据回归分析与双向差分建模分析,2010年粮食总产可达3087.5万t,粮食单产4478kg/hm2,人均粮食460kg。据灰关联分析,影响粮食总产的主要因子有:粮食单产、农副产品收购价格总指数(1978年=100)、农业机械总动力、农村用电量、农田化肥施用量与有效灌溉面积等。根据笔者预测,若2010年农业机械总动力达8989万kw,农村用电量240.8亿kwh,农田化肥施用量356.1万t,有效灌面4549.2千hm2,则其粮食单产可达4664kg/hm2;若2010年仍保持2000年小麦播面所占比例(0.387),玉米播面所占比例达0.439,则其单产可达4387kg/hm2。 相似文献
964.
The use of inclined hemisphere projections for analyzing failure mechanisms in discontinuous rocks 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper demonstrates the advantages of using inclined stereographic projections in kinematic analysis of rock blocks in discontinuous rock masses. Some examples of limiting cases are presented. The application of inclined projections is illustrated by its use in a mine slope in Brazil. It is clear from the discussion of these examples that inclined hemisphere projections provide better results than horizontal projections. It is also demonstrated that horizontal projections can lead to incorrect results in limiting cases. 相似文献
965.
Analysis of the Chiufengershan landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan 总被引:18,自引:0,他引:18
A disastrous earthquake rocked Taiwan on September 21, 1999, with magnitude ML=7.3 and an epicenter near the small town of Chi-Chi in central Taiwan. The Chi-Chi earthquake triggered landslide on the dip slope at the Chiufengershan. In this study, a review of the topography and geology of this area was followed by field investigations. Laboratory testing was applied to understand the geomaterial composing the slope. Then, based on a series of limit equilibrium analyses, the failure mechanism of this landslide and the risk of the residual slope were studied.
According to the stability analyses, the pre-quake slope is quite stable, with factor of safety of 1.77 (dry) to 1.35 (full groundwater level); explaining why there is no written record of a landslide here for the past 100 years. In contrast, a back analysis shows that the Chi-Chi earthquake-induced dynamic loading is far more than the dip slope can sustain, due in part to the short distance to the epicenter. A Monte Carlo type probability analysis suggests that the residual slope is more dangerous than the pre-quake slope and needs more attention. 相似文献
966.
Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure using an integrated GIS Monte Carlo simulation approach 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Spatial probabilistic modeling of slope failure using a combined Geographic Information System (GIS), infinite-slope stability model and Monte Carlo simulation approach is proposed and applied in the landslide-prone area of Sasebo city, southern Japan. A digital elevation model (DEM) for the study area has been created at a scale of 1/2500. Calculated results of slope angle and slope aspect derived from the DEM are discussed. Through the spatial interpolation of the identified stream network, the thickness distribution of the colluvium above Tertiary strata is determined with precision. Finally, by integrating an infinite-slope stability model and Monte Carlo simulation with GIS, and applying spatial processing, a slope failure probability distribution map is obtained for the case of both low and high water levels. 相似文献
967.
Ananda K. Das U. C. Mohanty Someshwar Das M. Manual S. R. Kalsi 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):165-184
The skill and efficiency of a numerical model mostly varies with the quality of initial values, accuracy on parameterization
of physical processes and horizontal and vertical resolution of the model. Commonly used low-resolution reanalyses are hardly
able to capture the prominent features associated with organized convective processes in a monsoon depression. The objective
is to prepare improved high-resolution analysis by the use of MM5 modelling system developed by the Pennsylvania State University/National
Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR). It requires the objective comparison of high and low-resolution analysis datasets
in assessing the specific convective features of a monsoon depression. For this purpose, reanalysis datasets of NCAR/NCEP
(National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) at a horizontal resolution of 2.5‡
(latitude/longitude) have been used as first guess in the objective analysis scheme. The additional asynoptic datasets obtained
during BOBMEX-99 are utilized within the assimilation process. Cloud Motion Wind (CMW) data of METEOSAT satellite and SSM/I
surface wind data are included for the improvement of derived analysis. The multiquadric (MQD) interpolation technique is
selected and applied for meteorological objective analysis at a horizontal resolution of 30 km. After a successful inclusion
of additional data, the resulting reanalysis is able to produce the structure of convective organization as well as prominent
synoptic features associated with monsoon depression. Comparison and error verifications have been done with the help of available
upper-air station data. The objective verification reveals the efficiency of the analysis scheme. 相似文献
968.
Recent Precipitation Trends in Hungary in the Context of Larger Scale Climatic Changes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The time series of monthly precipitation totals from 14 Hungarian observing stations (1901–1998) were analysed to reveal the long term changes in precipitation characteristics occurred in the 20th century. A particular attention was given to the changes in the recent decades and their links with the larger scale climatic and circulation changes over Europe and the Atlantic.The statistical significancesof systematic changes are controlled by linear trend analysis and the Mann–Kendall test. The long term fluctuations are illustrated applying a 15-point Gaussian filter on the time series. The Standardised Precipitation Index is used to evaluate the changes in the drought event frequency. The relationships with larger scale changes are mostly discussed relying on contemporary papers, and the Grosswetterlagen Catalogue is used as well.The annual precipitation total decreased by 15–20% in Hungary during the 20th century. The decline is substantial in both halves of the century, but the precipitation sums in the transition seasons declined in the first 50 years, and the winter precipitation decreased in the latest decades. The precipitation total of the period November–February declined significantly in the last 50 years. In the same time the mean winter value of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI) increased, the positions of the main pressure patterns over the Atlantic are shifted northeastward, and lot of other coherent changes detected in the winter climate of the European–Atlantic region. The mean summer precipitation total has hardly changed, but the frequency of summer drought events increased. There are some signs of a shift of the Hungarian summer climate towards a Mediterranean like climate. 相似文献
969.
A. K. Mitra M. Das Gupta R. K. Paliwal S. V. Singh 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(2):223-232
A daily rainfall dataset and the corresponding rainfall maps have been produced by objective analysis of rainfall data. The
satellite estimate of rainfall and the raingauge values are merged to form the final analysis. Associated with epochs of monsoon
these rainfall maps are able to show the rainfall activities over India and the Bay of Bengal region during the BOBMEX period.
The intra-seasonal variations of rainfall during BOBMEX are also seen using these data. This dataset over the oceanic region
compares well with other available popular datasets like GPCP and CMAP. Over land this dataset brings out the features of
monsoon in more detail due to the availability of more local raingauge stations. 相似文献
970.
The analysis of modal and normative composition of sedimentary rocks is widely used for studying their sources and tectonic settings. The normative calculation of the mineral composition of rocks in this study is formulated as a linear programming problem and is solved by means of the simplex method. This enables both simultaneous and successive subtraction of a set of basic minerals from a rock sample represented by its chemical composition {SiO2...LOI}. Such an approach provides a more exact calculation of the contribution of basic minerals in the rock. This mathematical approach is used to study two representative sets of sandstones and fine-grained rocks from a Meso- to Neoproterozoic marginal basin of southeastern Siberia (Uchur–Maya region, Yakutia) and a Pennsylvanian-Lower Permian uplifted continental block in Colorado, USA. The calculated normative mineral compositions of the Siberian sandstones are consistent with the observed modal compositions. These sandstones vary from K- Feldspar rich arkoses at the base of the sequence (the Uchur Group, lower Riphean) to quartz arenites or lithic sandstones and wacke in transgressive successions of the middle-upper Riphean. Arkoses and quartz arenites are dominant in Meso- to Neoproterozoic Siberia. These samples represent craton interior uplifted basement and quartzose, recycled orogen provenance of a stable craton in Rodinia. There are higher but consistent discrepancies between the calculated and observed compositions for the Pennsylvanian to Lower-Permian arkoses and quartz arenites (Sangre de Cristo, Belden, and Maroon Formations). The differences between the predicted and observed mineralogy may be due to uncertainties in the modes in the matrix and cement of the sandstones. This normative program should supplement modal calculations and provide better genetic constructions, especially in case of matrix-rich sandstones. 相似文献