非均匀下垫面边界层研究现状与展望   总被引：14，自引：3，他引：11  

刘罡  蒋维楣  罗云峰 《地球科学进展》2005,20(2):223-230

评述了非均匀下垫面大气边界层研究的现状和当前发展所面临的一些问题,就近年来非均匀下垫面边界层这一大气边界层研究中的难点和热点问题的由来,所使用的研究方法和手段的发展以及目前面临和亟待解决的问题做了系统的归纳,并对未来非均匀边界层研究发展的趋势和研究方法做了展望。  相似文献   

Excitation of ion waves by charged dust beams in ionospheric aerosol release experiments     

M. Rosenberg  P.A. Bernhardt 《Planetary and Space Science》2011,59(4):312-318

Ion waves excited by charged dust beams streaming across or along the geomagnetic field in the ionosphere may be generated by plasma instabilities during aerosol release experiments. The injection speed of the dust and gas is comparable to or larger than the ion thermal speed in the background plasma. The dust grains can get charged by plasma collection from the ambient ionosphere, and can thus act as a charged beam that excites instabilities in the background plasma. The theory is applied to relatively early time scales of the order of in the dust-gas cloud expansion, with wave frequencies that are larger than the ion gyrofrequency, and collisions with neutrals are included.  相似文献   

混凝土板墙加固后墙片与剪力墙性能的对比研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

黄世敏  姚秋来  康艳博 《地震学刊》2011,(5):567-571

首先通过3个墙片的水平低周反复伪动力试验,对比研究了混凝土板墙加固后墙片与剪力墙的承载力、耗能能力等各项抗震性能。由于试验条件的限制,试验仅对比研究了120mm混凝土剪力墙与双面60mm混凝土板墙加固后墙片的抗震性能。在试验基础上,利用有限元软件建立合理的计算模型,将计算结果与试验结果进行了对比分析;利用该计算模型模拟了用不同厚度的混凝土板墙加固墙片和混凝土剪力墙,系统分析了混凝土板墙加固后墙片与剪力墙的极限承载力,分析了将加固后墙片看作抗震墙的可行性。通过有限元的分析,弥补了试件不足的缺陷,完善了研究方法。  相似文献   

Importance of hydrogeological conditions during formation of the karstic bauxite deposits,Central Guizhou Province,Southwest China: A case study at Lindai deposit     

《Ore Geology Reviews》2017

Karstic bauxite deposits are widespread in Central Guizhou Province, SW China, and high-grade ores are frequently sandwiched with overlying coal and underlying iron-rich layers and form a special “coal–bauxite–iron” structure. The Lindai deposit, which is one of the most representative karstic bauxite deposits in Central Guizhou Province, was selected as a case study. Based on textural features and iron abundances, bauxite ores in the Lindai deposit are divided into three types of ores, i.e., clastic, compact, and high-iron. The bauxite ores primarily comprise diaspore, boehmite, kaolinite, illite, and hematite with minor quartz, smectite, pyrite, zircon, rutile, anatase, and feldspar. The Al₂O₃ (53–76.8 wt.%) is the main chemical contents of the bauxite ore samples in the Lindai district, followed by SiO₂, Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, CaO, MgO, S, and P etc. Our geological data on the Lindai deposit indicated that the ore-bearing rock series and its underlying stratum have similar rare earth elements distribution pattern and similar Y/Ho, Zr/Hf, and Eu/Eu¹ values; additionally, all ore-bearing rock samples are rich in MgO (range from 0.16 wt.% to 0.68 wt.%), and the plots of the dolomites and laterites lie almost on or close to the weathering line fit by the Al-bearing rocks in Zr vs. Hf and Nb vs. Ta diagrams; suggesting that the underlying Middle Cambrian Shilengshui Formation dolomite is the parent rock of bauxite resources in the Lindai district.Simulated weathering experiments on the modern laterite from the Shilengshui Formation dolomite in the Lindai bauxite deposit show that hydrogeological conditions are important for karstic bauxite formation: Si is most likely to migrate, its migration rate is several magnitudes higher than those of Al and Fe under natural conditions; the reducing inorganic acid condition is the most conducive to Al enrichment and Si removal; Fe does not migrate easily in groundwater, Al enrichment and Fe removal can occur only in acidic and reducing conditions with the presence of organic matter.The geological and experimental studies show that “coal–bauxite–iron” structure in Lindai deposit is formed under certain hydrogeological conditions, i.e., since lateritic bauxite or Al-rich laterite deposited upon the semi-closed karst depressions, Si can be continuously removed out under neutral/acidic groundwater conditions; the coal/carbonaceous rock overlying the bauxitic materials were easily oxidized to produce acidic (H₂S, H₂SO₄, etc.) and reductant groundwater with organic materials that percolated downward, resulting in enrichment of Al in underlying bauxite; it also reduced Fe³⁺ to its easily migrating form Fe²⁺, moving downward to near the basal carbonate culminated in precipitating of ferruginous (FeS₂, FeCO₃, etc.) strata of the “coal–bauxite–iron” structure. Thus, the bauxitic materials experienced Al enrichment and Si and Fe removal under above certain hydrogeological conditions forming the high-quality bauxite.  相似文献   

水文实验研究进展          下载免费PDF全文

吴雷  许有鹏  王跃峰  徐羽  林芷欣 《水科学进展》2017,28(4):632-640

阐述了水文实验的概念与内涵,归纳了水文实验的研究方法及其特点,系统地回顾了国内外流域水文实验的发展历程,梳理了应用实验方法进行植被截留与阻滞作用、降水径流关系、非饱和带水分运移以及气候变化和人类活动影响下的水文过程研究的进展,分析了当前水文实验发展的不足,提出未来水文实验的发展方向:传统的实验流域着重于地表水研究,没有深入水文循环系统的内部,应将水文实验的研究范围从地表扩展为关键带部分,并加强跨流域的补给、径流与排泄关系研究;多学科交叉的综合观测实验与协同研究是水文实验的发展趋势;当前水文实验的系统性与规范性仍显不足,应重视水文实验站网建设,加强水文实验的规范性,以促进实验数据交换和研究成果对比。  相似文献   

近临界特性的地层水及其对烃源岩生排烃过程的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

郑伦举  何生  秦建中  马中良 《地球科学》2011,36(1):83-92

研究利用特制的地层孔隙热压模拟实验装置, 开展了模拟地层孔隙空间高压液态水热体系烃源岩生排烃模拟实验.模拟实验施加的流体压力为38±2 MPa, 温度为290~390 ℃.模拟实验结果显示了有关高压液态水及其与之相联系的流体压力和孔隙空间等因素对烃源岩生排烃影响作用的一些重要现象, 实验发现高压液态水介质条件有利于液态油的生成和保存, 不利于液态油向气态烃的转化, 而且干酪根的生烃潜力和排油效率有一定的提高.这些新的实验现象可能主要与近临界特性的高压液态地层水的作用有关, 进一步推断近临界特性的高压液态水参与干酪根向油气的转化反应, 增加了水对油气的溶解能力.在地下实际烃源岩生排烃的温压(100~200 ℃, 30~120 MPa)条件下, 岩石孔隙中的地层水是一种相对低温高压压缩液态水, 这种地层水可能具有近临界特性, 对烃源岩生排烃过程有重要影响.但目前对这种现象的机理和石油地质意义还知之较少.因此, 加强高压地层水近临界条件下烃源岩生排烃热压模拟实验研究, 对进一步深入理解地层条件下的近临界水介质、流体压力、孔隙空间因素对生排烃过程的影响, 深化烃源岩生排烃机理的探讨, 建立地质尺度上的烃源岩生排烃动力学模型, 都具有重要的理论和实际意义.   相似文献   

Comparing the transitional behaviour of kaolinite and bentonite suspension flows          下载免费PDF全文

Jaco H. Baas  James L. Best  Jeff Peakall 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(13):1911-1921

Past research has demonstrated the dramatic effects that variations in suspended clay can have on the properties of flow by producing a range of transitional flows between turbulent and laminar states, depending on clay concentration and fluid shear. Past studies have been restricted to kaolinite flows, a clay mineral that has relatively weak cohesive properties. This paper extends these studies to suspension flows of bentonite, a clay mineral that attains higher viscosities at far lower volumetric concentrations within a flow. The results show that the types of transitional flow behaviour recognized in past studies can also be found in bentonite suspension flows, but at lower suspended sediment concentrations, thus demonstrating an even more dramatic effect on flow properties, and potentially on sediment transport and resulting bed morphology, than kaolinite flows. The paper proposes new stability diagrams for the phase space of bentonite flows and compares these to past work on kaolinite suspension flows. These new data suggest that the transitional‐flow Reynolds number can be used to delineate the types of transitional flow across different clay types and assess modern and ancient clay‐suspension flows. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

Effects of CO₂ on benthic biota: An in situ benthic chamber experiment in Storfjorden (Norway)     

Hiroshi Ishida  Lars G. Golmen  Julia West  Martin Krüger  Patricia Coombs  John Arthur Berge  Tastuo Fukuhara  Michimasa Magi  Jun Kita 《Marine pollution bulletin》2013

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) methods, either sub-seabed or in ocean depths, introduces risk of CO₂ leakage and subsequent interaction with the ecosystem. It is therefore important to obtain information on possible effects of CO₂. In situ CO₂ exposure experiments were carried out twice for 10 days during 2005 using a Benthic Chamber system at 400 m depth in Storfjorden, Norway. pCO₂ in the water above the sediment in the chambers was controlled at approximately 500, 5000 and 20,000 μatm, respectively. This article describes the experiment and the results from measured the biological responses within the chamber sediments. The results show effects of elevated CO₂ concentrations on biological processes such as increased nanobenthos density. Methane production and sulphate reduction was enhanced in the approximately 5000 μatm chamber.  相似文献   

Evidence of groundwater flow on Antizana ice-covered volcano,Ecuador / Mise en évidence d'écoulements souterrains sur le volcan englacé Antizana,Equateur     

《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):278-291

Abstract

Hydrological and glaciological data were gathered in the watershed (1.37 km²) of the Antizana Glacier 15 (0.7 km²) in the periods 1997–2002 and 1995–2005, respectively. In addition, tracer experiments were carried out to analyse the flow through permeable morainic deposits located between the glacier snout and the runoff gauging station. Over 11 years, the mean specific net balance of the glacier was negative (–627 mm w.e.), despite the occurrence of positive values in the La Niña years (1999–2000). From the glacier net mass balance between 1997 and 2002, it was found that the mean flow originating from ice melt was significantly higher than the mean discharge measured at the hydrological station. Analyses of tracer experiments and of the different components of the hydrological balance suggest groundwater flow that originates below the glacier accounts for the remaining water. This result is important for regional analyses of available water resources and for the relationship between hydro-cryospheric processes and volcanic activity.  相似文献   

集合预报误差在GRAPES全球四维变分同化中的应用研究Ⅱ：参数选取与数值试验     

龚建东  张林  王瑞春 《气象学报》2021,79(1):48-64

研究的第一部分讨论了如何有效应用集合预报误差的科学方案,确定了集合预报误差在GRAPES（Global Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）全球4DVar（four dimensional variational data assimilation）中应用的分析框架。在此基础上研究了针对集合预报误差实际应用于GRAPES全球4DVar,解决接近或超过100个集合样本数时高效生成的计算效率问题,以及与GRAPES全球4DVar匹配的同化关键参数确定问题。选择基于4DVar的集合资料同化方法生成集合样本,通过将第1个样本极小化迭代过程中产生的预调节信息用于其他样本极小化做预调节,将计算效率提高了2倍。通过时间错位扰动方法增加集合样本数,实现集合样本增加到3倍。对集合方差进行膨胀,并选择水平局地化相关尺度为流函数背景误差水平相关的1.4倍。通过批量数值试验方法确定背景误差与集合预报误差的权重系数,对60个集合样本当集合预报误差权重为0.7时预报效果最好。对北半球夏、冬两季各52 d的批量试验表明,对于南、北半球En4DVar （ensemble 4DVar）较4DVar的改进在冬季主要集中在700—30 hPa,而在夏季主要集中在400—150 hPa。赤道地区受季节影响较小,En4DVar对位势高度、风场与温度的改进都较为明显,且经向风场的改进最为显著。文中研发的集合预报误差在GRAPES全球4DVar中应用的方法合理可行。   相似文献