青海共和盆地早全新世古风向重建及其对黄土物源的指示   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

田少华  肖国桥  戴高文  赖忠平 《第四纪研究》2020,(1):95-104

青藏高原东北部地处黄土与沙漠的过渡地区,在冰期-间冰期旋回中受中纬西风与东亚季风环流的交替控制,曾发生大范围的沙漠进退,是黄土高原重要的潜在物源区。恢复该区地质历史时期的大气环流格局可为重建东亚地区的环境面貌、探讨黄土高原的物源区、检验东亚地区古气候模拟结果的有效性等方面提供重要依据。但目前对高原东北部的古大气环流特征却鲜有研究。青藏高原东北部保存有一系列的古沙丘,可为古大气环流的重建提供直接依据。本文选取青海共和盆地一处代表性新月形古沙丘开展光释光测年研究,并通过其平面形态和前积层产状恢复了当时的古风向。结果表明:共和盆地的风沙活动自早全新世以来开始显著减弱,此时近地面盛行与现今风向一致的西北风。前人的研究揭示出青藏高原东北部在冰期时很可能盛行西风,并存在广泛的荒漠化,因而很可能是黄土高原冰期时重要的物源区之一。而本研究指示,该区的盛行风向在早全新世以来转变为西北风,且荒漠范围显著退缩,导致其全新世不再是黄土高原的物源区。青藏高原东北部的盛行风向和荒漠范围在冰期-间冰期旋回中的这种变化,为理解黄土高原的粉尘物源在空间和冰期-间冰期旋回上的变化提供了依据。  相似文献   

Interaction between lateral sorting in river bends and vertical sorting in dunes     

Anne W. Baar  Steven A. H. Weisscher  Maarten G. Kleinhans 《Sedimentology》2020,67(1):606-626

Sediment is sorted in river bends under the influence of gravity that pulls the heavier grains downslope and secondary flow that drags the finer grains upslope. Furthermore, when dunes are present, sediment is also sorted vertically at the dune lee side. However, sorting functions are poorly defined, since the relation to transverse bed slope and the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting is not yet understood for lack of data under controlled conditions. The objective of this study is to describe lateral sorting as a function of transverse bed slope and to gain an understanding of the interaction between lateral and vertical sorting in river bends. To this end, experiments were conducted with a poorly sorted sediment mixture in a rotating annular flume in which secondary flow intensity can be controlled separately from the main flow velocity, and therefore transverse bed slope towards the inner bend and dune dimensions can be systematically varied. Sediment samples were taken along cross-sections at the surface of dune troughs and dune crests, and over the entire depth at the location of dune crests (bulk samples), which enabled comparison of the relative contribution of vertical sorting by dunes to lateral sorting by the transverse bed slope. The data show that lateral sorting is always the dominant sorting mechanism in bends, and bulk samples showed minor effects of vertical sorting by dunes as long as all grain-size fractions are mobile. An empirical bend sorting model was fitted that redistributes the available sediment fractions over the cross-section as a function of transverse bed slope. Comparison with field data showed that the model accurately reproduces spatially-averaged trends in sorting at the bend apex in single-thread channels. The bend sorting model therefore provides a better definition of bend sorting with conservation of mass by size fraction and adds to current understanding of bend sorting. The implication for numerical modelling is that bend sorting mechanisms can be modelled independently of dunes, allowing the application of the active layer concept.  相似文献   

Behaviour of continuous pipeline subject to transverse PGD     

Xuejie Liu  Michael J. O'Rourke 《地震工程与结构动力学》1997,26(10):989-1003

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Approximate traveltime inversion in downhole microseismic monitoring     

Sergey Yaskevich  Anton A. Duchkov  Yuriy Ivanov 《Geophysical Prospecting》2020,68(3):918-925

In downhole microseismic monitoring, accurate event location relies on the accuracy of the velocity model. The model can be estimated along with event locations. Anisotropic models are important to get accurate event locations. Taking anisotropy into account makes it possible to use additional data – two S-wave arrivals generated due to shear-wave splitting. However, anisotropic ray tracing requires iterative procedures for computing group velocities, which may become unstable around caustics. As a result, anisotropic kinematic inversion may become time consuming. In this paper, we explore the idea of using simplified ray tracing to locate events and estimate medium parameters. In the simplified ray-tracing algorithm, the group velocity is assumed to be equal to phase velocity in both magnitude and direction. This assumption makes the ray-tracing algorithm five times faster compared to ray tracing based on exact equations. We present a set of tests showing that given perforation-shot data, one can use inversion based on simplified ray-tracing even for moderate-to-strong anisotropic models. When there are no perforation shots, event-location errors may become too large for moderately anisotropic media.  相似文献   

The control of wind strength on the barchan to parabolic dune transition     

Deguo Zhang  Peng Liang  Xiaoping Yang  Hongwei Li 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(10):2300-2313

The evolution of barchan-to-parabolic dunes can be driven by vegetation establishment, which may be linked to climate change and/or human activity. However, little is known of the impact of changes in wind strength on vegetation development and the resulting impacts on the evolution of dune morphology and sedimentological characteristics. To address this issue, we studied the morphology and grain-size characteristics of barchan, barchan-to-parabolic and parabolic dunes in the Mu Us Desert in north China, which was combined with an analysis of changes in normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climatic variables during 1982–2018. The results reveal a trend of increasing growing-season NDVI which was related to a significant decrease in drift potential (DP). Therefore, we suggest that the initiation of dune transformation was caused by the reduced wind strength which favored the establishment and development of vegetation. To reveal the response of sedimentological reorganization during the processes of dune transformation, grain-size characteristics along the longitudinal profile of the three different types of dunes were examined. The decreasing wind strength led to the transport of fine sands on the upper part of the windward face of the dunes, resulting in a progressive coarsening of the grain-size distribution (GSD) and a reduction in dune height at the crest area. No distinct trend in sorting and mean grain-size was observed on the windward slope of the barchan-to-parabolic dune, indicating that the sand in transit had little influence on the GSD. Conversely, progressive sorting and coarsening of the sand occurred towards the crest of the parabolic dune. This indicates that vegetation development limited the transport of sand from upwind of the dune, and affected a shift in the dune source material to the underlying source deposits, or to reworked pre-existing aeolian deposits, and resulted in the trapping of sand in the crest area. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于反应位移法的复杂软土盾构隧道横断面抗震分析          下载免费PDF全文

刘前  刘瑜  梁建文  巴振宁  吴泽群  王智恺 《地震工程学报》2020,42(5):1217-1224

采用反应位移法,利用ABAQUS软件建立梁-弹簧有限元模型,进行复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震分析,并结合天津滨海Z2线软土盾构隧道进行计算。研究表明,在地震作用下,最大弯矩值和剪力值一般出现在拱肩位置,最大轴力值一般出现在拱腰附近;处于复杂地层附近的隧道结构内力值较大,应加强该位置处的抗震构造措施或在选线时尽量避免复杂场地。本文对复杂软土场地中盾构隧道横断面抗震设计具有一定参考价值。  相似文献   

可替换式桥梁横向防落梁限位装置抗震性能研究          下载免费PDF全文

闫磊  安康  岳克锋  李果  尹修城  姜渝  付亚男 《世界地震工程》2020,(3):172-180

针对目前桥梁结构横向防落梁限位装置损毁后修复困难的问题,提出一种新型的带可更换耗能段的桥梁横向防落梁限位装置。分别以可更换耗能段的腹板厚度、腹板高度及安装位置等为参数,采用有限元软件ABAQUS建立了10个不同参数的装置模型并对其开展拟静力仿真试验,探讨其工作机理,验证其可更换的设计思想并剖析其破坏机理,研究各参数对装置滞回曲线、承载力、延性和耗能能力的影响规律。结果表明:该装置可通过先可更换耗能段破坏再竖板破坏达到多道设防和分级耗能的目的,且整个加载过程中装置的滞回曲线饱满、稳定、无明显捏拢,表现出良好的耗能能力;随着可更换耗能段腹板厚度的增加,装置屈服承载力、极限承载力、屈服位移、极限位移以及延性系数逐渐增大,耗能能力逐渐增强;可更换耗能段高度对装置屈服承载力影响不显著;随着可更换耗能段高度的增加,装置极限承载力逐渐增大,装置屈服位移先增大后减小,装置极限位移整体呈下降趋势,装置的延性系数和耗能能力逐渐减小;可更换耗能段的安装高度对装置屈服承载力和耗能能力的影响无统一规律,但与装置的屈服位移、极限位移及延性系数成负相关。基于本析结果,建议装置在满足承载力要求的前提下,应尽量选取可更换耗能段腹板厚度较厚、高度较小和安装位置较低的参数进行设计。  相似文献   

Mitigating the effects of sand dunes on seismic data from the Rub al Khali basin,Saudi Arabia     

Mustafa Al-Marzooq  Mamadou S. Diallo  Vincent Etienne  Thierry Tonellot  SanLinn I. Kaka 《Geophysical Prospecting》2019,67(7):1825-1837

The Rub Al Khali region in Saudi Arabia is characterized by the presence of sand dunes separated by salt flats, also called Sabkhas. In general, the elevation of dunes in this region varies between 90 and 250 m above sea level. The presence of these sand dunes, along with the rapidly changing surface topography poses challenges for seismic data acquisition and processing. The high contrast in acoustic impedance between the dune base and the underlying formation often results in amplification of seismic waves that are recorded at stations located on the surface of sand dunes. Attempts to address the issue using conventional surface-consistent amplitude scaling methods without reducing these amplification effects generally fail, thus compromising the suitability of the processed data for amplitude versus offset analysis. In this study, we propose a new reference site technique to reduce the effects of sand dune amplification, enabling the production of data sets that are suitable for amplitude versus offset processing. The proposed technique uses a deterministic approach to derive surface-consistent, frequency-dependent de-amplification functions for shots and stations located on the dunes only. Two-dimensional synthetic and field data examples show that the technique significantly reduces the effects of sand dune amplification.  相似文献   

Assessment of geomorphological bank evolution of the alluvial threshold rivers based on entropy concept parameters     

Azadeh Gholami  Majid Mohammadian  Amir Hossein Zaji  Bahram Gharabaghi 《水文科学杂志》2019,64(7):856-872

The complex stream bank profiles in alluvial channels and rivers that are formed after reaching equilibrium has been a popular topic of research for many geomorphologists and river engineers. The entropy theory has recently been successfully applied to this problem. However, the existing methods restrict the further application of the entropy parameter to determine the cross-section slope of the river banks. To solve this limitation, we introduce a novel approach in the extraction of the equation based on the calculation of the entropy parameter (λ) and the transverse slope of the bank profile at threshold channel conditions. The effects of different hydraulic and geometric parameters are evaluated on a variation of the entropy parameter. Sensitivity analysis on the parameters affecting the entropy parameter shows that the most effective parameter on the λ-slope multiplier is the maximum slope of the bank profile and the dimensionless lateral distance of the river banks.  相似文献   

不同气候带的河道与沙丘分布格局及其类型划分   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

李小妹  严平  钱瑶  吴伟 《中国沙漠》2017,37(5):821-829

风水交互作用是干旱区常见的地貌现象和重要的地表过程,干旱区河流通过提供物源和场所控制沙漠分布的格局,沙漠分布与风沙活动制约河道发育和泥沙输移,在不同时空尺度表现不一,但关于二者交互作用的分类处于探索阶段,尚未形成分类体系,尤其在地貌格局分类上多为定性描述。因此,自西向东选择位于3个气候带的中国西部克里雅河、中部毛不拉格孔兑以及东部西拉木伦河,利用遥感影像解译获取河道与沙丘信息,探讨近源沙丘的分布与河型之间的组合关系。结果表明：河型、河流流向与风向之间的关系、水文以及距离河道的远近影响河道与沙丘组合的地貌格局;在河道-沙丘尺度上,划分为弯曲河道-对称式边滩沙丘、顺直河道-边滩沙丘、分汊河道-心滩式沙丘、网状河道-格状镶嵌式沙丘4种类型。  相似文献