Review of the 2018 Palu Tsunami:Disaster Behavior and Reflections on Disaster Management     

HU Jiupeng  CHEN Yong  LI Wen  XU Yihe  CAI Huiteng 《中国地震研究》2019,33(1):153-163

The 2018 Palu M_W7.5 earthquake and tsunami attracted geophysicists'' attention for its strike slip focal mechanism and magnitude. We inspected the details of this disaster and discussed its particularity and possible causations. The submarine landslide and special terrain conditions could have contributed to the unusual size of the tsunami. The early warning system and the post disaster response is also reviewed. Efficient social warnings and broadcast systems along with good maintenance is essential. We also found that enhancing publics scientific literacy is the most important way to reduce disaster damage and casualties. Moreover, social conditions and rebuilding difficulties post tsunami are related as reference resources for future disaster management strategies.  相似文献   

喀拉喀托火山喷发过程与巽他海啸成因     

王佳龙  熊威  邹颖  孙嘉祥  张雯倩 《华北地震科学》2019,37(4):13-17

介绍了2018年12月22日发生的巽他海峡喀拉喀托火山喷发的过程及其火山监测情况,并提取了欧空局哨兵1A遥感卫星在火山喷发前后的遥感影像,通过遥感影像的对比分析获得了火山锥体的坍塌范围;使用3DAnalyst软件模块对坍塌部分的DEM影像进行分析,计算出海平面以上火山锥体的坍塌体积约为54000000m3,海面以下崩塌锥体体积更加巨大,崩塌导致火山周围水体发生激荡形成海浪,海浪相干传播至周边海岸附近引发了巽他海峡海啸;海啸灾害主要发生在印尼万丹省西冷县和板底兰县西部沿海,与根据火山喷发引发海啸的传播路径推测的受灾地区基本一致。  相似文献   

Reconciling Storegga tsunami sedimentation patterns with modelled wave heights: A discussion from the Shetland Isles field laboratory     

Alastair G. Dawson  Sue Dawson  Stein Bondevik  Pedro J. M. Costa  Jon Hill  Iain Stewart 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1344-1353

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The sediment-fill of Pago Pago Bay (Tutuila Island,American Samoa): New insights on the sediment record of past tsunamis     

Brieuc Riou  Eric Chaumillon  Jean-Luc Schneider  Thierry Corrège  Catherine Chagué 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1577-1600

Extensive bathymetric and two-dimensional seismic surveys have been carried out and cores collected in Pago Pago Bay (Tutuila, American Samoa) in order to describe and gain a better understanding of the sediment fill of the bay, which was affected by the 2009 South Pacific Tsunami. Eight sedimentary units were identified over the volcanic bedrock. The basal transgressive unit displays retrograding onlaps towards the shore, whereas the overlying seven aggradational layers alternate between four draping units and three pinching out seaward units. ‘Core to seismic’ correlation reveals that draping units are composed of homogeneous silts, while pinching out units are dominated by very coarse coral fragments showing fresh cuts, mixed with Halimeda plates. The basal unit is attributed to transgressive sedimentation in response to flooding of the bay after the last glacial maximum, followed by the upper aggradational units corresponding to highstand sedimentation. The changeovers in these upper units indicate an alternation between low-energy silt units and high-energy coral debris units interpreted as tsunami-induced deposits. The ¹⁴C dating reveals that high-energy sedimentation units can last up to approximately 2000 years while low-energy sedimentation units can last up to approximately 1000 years. This alternation, deposited during the last highstand, may be explained by cycles of tectonic activity and quiescence of the Tonga Trench subduction, which is the main source of tsunamigenic earthquakes impacting the Samoan archipelago. In the uppermost silt unit, only the geochemical signature of the terrestrial input of the 2009 SPT backwash deposits was detected between 7 cm and 9 cm depth. Hence, Pago Pago Bay offers a unique sediment record of Holocene bay-fill under the impact of past tsunamis intermittently during the last 7000 years.  相似文献   

New coring study in Augusta Bay expands understanding of offshore tsunami deposits (Eastern Sicily,Italy)     

Alessandra Smedile  Flavia Molisso  Catherine Chagué  Marina Iorio  Paolo Marco De Martini  Stefania Pinzi  Philip E. F. Collins  Leonardo Sagnotti  Daniela Pantosti 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1553-1576

Tsunami deposits present an important archive for understanding tsunami histories and dynamics. Most research in this field has focused on onshore preserved remains, while the offshore deposits have received less attention. In 2009, during a coring campaign with the Italian Navy Magnaghi, four 1 m long gravity cores (MG cores) were sampled from the northern part of Augusta Bay, along a transect in 60 to 110 m water depth. These cores were taken in the same area where a core (MS06) was collected in 2007 about 2·3 km offshore Augusta at a water depth of 72 m below sea level. Core MS06 consisted of a 6·7 m long sequence that included 12 anomalous intervals interpreted as the primary effect of tsunami backwash waves in the last 4500 years. In this study, tsunami deposits were identified, based on sedimentology and displaced benthic foraminifera (as for core MS06) reinforced by X-ray fluorescence data. Two erosional surfaces (L1 and L2) were recognized coupled with grain-size increase, abundant Posidonia oceanica seagrass remains and a significant amount of Nubecularia lucifuga, an epiphytic sessile benthic foraminifera considered to be transported from the inner shelf. The occurrence of Ti/Ca and Ti/Sr increments, coinciding with peaks in organic matter (Mo incoherent/coherent) suggests terrestrial run-off coupled with an input of organic matter. The L1 and L2 horizons were attributed to two distinct historical tsunamis (ad 1542 and ad 1693) by indirect age-estimation methods using ²¹⁰Pb profiles and the comparison of Volume Magnetic Susceptibility data between MG cores and MS06 cores. One most recent bioturbated horizon (Bh), despite not matching the above listed interpretative features, recorded an important palaeoenvironmental change that may correspond to the ad 1908 tsunami. These findings reinforce the value of offshore sediment records as an underutilized resource for the identification of past tsunamis.  相似文献   

Modern and historical tropical cyclone and tsunami deposits at the coast of Myanmar: Implications for their identification and preservation in the geological record     

Dominik Brill  Katharina Seeger  Anna Pint  Felix Reize  Kay Thwe Hlaing  Martin Seeliger  Stephan Opitz  Khin Mi Mi Win  Win Thuzar Nyunt  Nilar Aye  Aung Aung  Kyaw Kyaw  Frauke Kraas  Helmut Brückner 《Sedimentology》2020,67(3):1431-1459

The catastrophic storm surge of tropical cyclone Nargis in May 2008 demonstrated Myanmar's exposure to coastal flooding. The investigation of sediments left by tropical cyclone Nargis and its predecessors is an important contribution to prepare for the impact of future tropical cyclones and tsunamis in the region, because they may extend the database for long-term hazard assessment beyond the relatively short instrumental and historical record. This study, for the first time, presents deposits of modern and historical tropical cyclones and tsunamis from the coast of Myanmar. The aim is to establish regional sedimentary characteristics that may help to identify and discriminate cyclones and tsunamis in the geological record, and to document post-depositional changes due to tropical weathering in the first years after deposition. These findings if used to interpret older deposits will extend the existing instrumental record of flooding events in Myanmar. Evaluating deposits that can be related to specific events, such as the 2006 tropical cyclone Mala and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, indicates similar sedimentary characteristics for both types of sediments. Landward thinning and fining trends, littoral sediment sources and sharp lower contacts allow for the differentiation from underlying deposits, while discrimination between tropical cyclone and tsunami origin is challenging based on the applied methods. The modern analogues also demonstrate a rather low preservation potential of the sand sheets due to carbonate dissolution, formation of organic top soils, and coastal erosion. However, in coastal depressions sand sheets of sufficient thickness (>10 cm) may be preserved where the shoreline is prograding or stable. In the most seaward swale of a beach-ridge plain at the Rakhine coast, two sand sheets have been identified in addition to the deposits of 2006 tropical cyclone Mala. Based on a combination of optically stimulated luminescence, radiocarbon and ¹³⁷Cs dating, the younger sand layer is related to 1982 tropical cyclone Gwa, while the older sand layer is most probably the result of an event that took place prior to 1950. Comparison with historical records indicates that the archive is only sensitive to tropical cyclones of category 4 (or higher) with landfall directly in or a few tens of kilometres north of the study area. While the presented tropical cyclone records are restricted to the last 100 years, optically stimulated luminescence ages of the beach ridges indicate that the swales landward of the one investigated in this study might provide tropical cyclone information for at least the past 700 years.  相似文献   

印尼苏门答腊西8.7级地震的几个特点及由其引发的一些思考   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

韩渭宾 《四川地震》2005,(1):1-6

分析总结了印尼苏门答腊西8．7级地震的几个特点：(1)板缘特大地震;(2)引发海啸,受灾范围特别大,成灾的瞬间突发性却不如内陆地震明显;(3)在远处出现“湖面波动”等同震现象突出;(4)震前全球地震活动出现异常图像;(5)安达曼弧一带与川滇地区强震活动存在相关性。并由此提出了：尽快加紧地震海啸预警机制研究及其技术系统的建立;加强地震预测预警机制研究;要重点研究川滇地区的地震危险性;强化防震减灾科普宣传等建议。  相似文献   

渤海海域历史地震和海啸   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7       下载免费PDF全文

王健 《地震学报》2007,29(5):549-557

渤海海域中小地震定量分析结果显示,渤海中存在多个地震密集区. 地震密集多呈NE向分布,但也确有NW向活动存在. 大致以39deg;N为界,渤海南部与北部的地震活动差异悬殊,几乎所有的强震和中小地震密集都集中于南部. 综合史料和中小地震密集特征, 对公元1548年震中位置进行了校订,对1888年地震的震级进行了讨论. 探讨了173年地震事件作为一次地震海啸的可能性. 对1597年地震事件作为一次渤海强震提出了质疑.   相似文献   

一个覆盖太平洋区域的地震海啸波幅预报系统及检验     

王宗辰  原野  王培涛  高义  李宏伟  侯京明 《海洋学报》2019,41(2):1-13

基于线性长波方程和缓变地形近岸波幅格林公式建立了覆盖整个太平洋区域的准实时地震海啸波幅预报系统。系统利用了GPU并行加速技术,可在90 s之内完成太平洋区域32 h的海啸传播计算和中国沿海城市岸段的波幅特征值预报。筛选了自2006年以来的9次发生在太平洋区域,矩震级（Mw）超过8.0且资料丰富的历史地震海啸事件,对预报系统进行了后报检验。结果表明,线性长波模型能够很好的模拟海啸在大洋中的传播过程;格林公式能够较为准确的估算缓变水深和开阔地形条件下的近岸海啸最大波幅,波幅预警准确率可达80%,基本满足海啸预警需求。以2011年日本Mw9.0地震海啸为例,评估了该系统对中国城市岸段的波幅预警能力,结论基本合理。需要注意的是,利用该系统计算对海啸源特别敏感的近场海啸波幅可能产生较大偏差。提出了若要进一步提高定量海啸波幅预警的准确率,可从以下两个方面加强研究和业务实践:一是采用多数据联合反演方法提升海啸源的精度;二是提高格林公式的适用性,或者构建高效的近岸精细化海啸数值预报系统。  相似文献   

渤海海域地震海啸灾害概率性风险评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

李宏伟  王宗辰  原野  徐志国  王培涛  史健宇 《海洋学报》2019,41(1):51-57

渤海作为我国地震活动性最为活跃的近海,其地震海啸风险不可忽视。本文应用概率性海啸风险评估方法对渤海周边区域的海啸风险进行评估。根据历史地震目录建立了渤海区域的震级-频率关系,基于蒙特卡洛算法随机生成了一套10万年的地震目录,最终通过对地震事件的海啸数值模拟及最大波幅的统计分析给出了环渤海区域典型重现期的最大波幅分布以及重点城市的海啸波幅曲线。评估结果表明,渤海地区海啸风险主要集中在渤海湾和莱州湾周边,波幅可达到1~3 m,辽东湾地区海啸风险较低。  相似文献