Seasonal evaluation of rainfall estimation by four cumulus parameterization schemes and their sensitivity analysis     

Asnor Muizan Ishak  Michaela Bray  Renji Remesan  Dawei Han 《水文研究》2012,26(7):1062-1078

Sustainable water resources management require scientifically sound information on precipitation, as it plays a key role in hydrological responses in a catchment. In recent years, mesoscale weather models in conjunction with hydrological models have gained great attention as they can provide high‐resolution downscaled weather variables. Many cumulus parameterization schemes (CPSs) have been developed and incorporated into three‐dimensional Pennsylvania State University/National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU/NCAR) mesoscale model 5 (MM5). This study has performed a comprehensive evaluation of four CPSs (the Anthes–Kuo, Grell, Betts–Miller and Kain–Fritsch93 schemes) to identify how their inclusion influences the mesoscale model's precipitation estimation capabilities. The study has also compared these four CPSs in terms of variability in rainfall estimation at various horizontal and vertical levels. For this purpose, the MM5 was nested down to resolution of 81 km for Domain 1 (domain span 21 × 81 km) and 3 km for Domain 4 (domain span 16 × 3 km), respectively, with vertical resolutions at 23, 40 and 53 vertical levels. The study was carried out at the Brue catchment in Southwest England using both the ERA‐40 reanalysis data and the land‐based observation data. The performances of four CPs were evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the amount of cumulative rainfall in 4 months in 1995 representing the four seasonal months, namely, January (winter), March (spring), July (summer) and October (autumn). It is observed that the Anthes–Kuo scheme has produced inferior precipitation values during spring and autumn seasons while simulations during winter and summer were consistently good. The Betts–Miller scheme has produced some reasonable results, particularly at the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) during winter and summer. The KF2 scheme was the best scheme for the larger‐scale (81 km grid size) domain during winter season at both 23 and 53 vertical levels. This scheme tended to underestimate rainfall for other seasons including the small‐scale domain (3 km grid size) in the mesoscale. The Grell scheme was the best scheme in simulating rainfall rates, and was found to be superior to other three schemes with consistently better results in all four seasons and in different domain scales. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Finite element analysis of the effect of corrosion on the behavior of reinforced earth walls     

Truong‐Linh Chau  Emmanuel Bourgeois  Alain Corfdir 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2012,36(15):1741-1756

A simple model for the corrosion‐induced loss of stiffness and strength of the steel strips of earth‐reinforced walls was introduced in a finite element simulation of the long‐term behavior of the wall, in which the backfill‐strips interactions are taken into account by means of a generalized homogenization procedure (called a multiphase model). The results show an initial phase of slow displacements induced by the loss of stiffness, followed after a few decades by a steep acceleration of the displacements, leading to wall failure. The influences of the parameter controlling corrosion, the backfill cohesion and the heterogeneity of the corrosion process are discussed. Results are used to discuss a strategy for reinforced earth wall surveillance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A mixing-length model for predicting vertical velocity distribution in flows through emergent vegetation     

PAWEŁ M. ROWIŃSKI  JANUSZ KUBRAK 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(6):893-904

Abstract

The vertical profiles of streamwise velocities are computed on flood plains vegetated with trees. The calculations were made based on a newly developed one-dimensional model, taking into account the relevant forces acting on the volumetric element surrounding the considered vegetation elements. A modified mixing length concept was used in the model. An important by-product of the model is the method for evaluating the friction velocities, and consequently bed shear stresses, in a vegetated channel. The model results were compared with the relevant experimental results obtained in a laboratory flume in which flood plains were covered by simulated vegetation.  相似文献   

天山乌鲁木齐河源冰川与空冰斗辐射气候的计算结果   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

白重瑗 《冰川冻土》1989,11(4):336-349

提要 在朝向、坡度和山体遮蔽度影响下,与水平面相比朝北冰川和朝南空冰斗在太阳偏角为15°,0°和-10°时的平均太阳辐射能量损失分别是40.6％和21.0％。1号冰川东支夏季消融期内自然冰雪面辐射场内辐射平衡各分量平均日总量值受地形因素和反射性能的控制而显示出由西北侧向东南侧逐渐降低的带状分布规律。晴朗少云天气下的总辐射和有效辐射的垂直梯度分别是14.52Wm~(-2)/100m和2.77Wm~(-2)/100m。  相似文献   

沉积体垂向层序的PC—1500袖珍计算机作图程序     

吴冲龙  程守田 《地球科学》1989,14(3):297-307

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以PC1井三维荧光光谱分析结果论油气垂向运移     

林玉祥  方炎华  朱雷  王振平 《地质论评》1994,40(7):161-167

本文以Pcl并不同深度岩心和地表土壤作为分析样品，通过三维全扫描荧光光谱等分析。揭示了该区油气垂向运移规律和地下油气的某些分布特征。研究表明，芳烃三维荧光光谱方法是研究芳烃组成变化最理想的手段之一，可以有效地解决油气运移等问题。  相似文献   

地下管线探测的基本原理及解释方法研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

封崇德  史保连 《物探与化探》1994,18(6):463-467

本文较详细地讨论了电磁直接探测法探测地下管线的基本原理和解释方法;提出了一种新的求解管线位置和深度、并给出探测结果可信度的向量交绘法。现场提供高可信度的结果;对管线探测仪器设备及应用效果作了介绍。  相似文献   

电偶源瞬变电磁测深一维全区视电阻率解释方法研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

黄力军 《物探与化探》1995,19(5):391-397

本文从理论计算和野外实测资料处理两方面讨论了电偶源瞬变电磁测深─维全区视电阻率解释方法以及与之相关的实测数据预处理、磁场计算及─维磁场数值反演方法.  相似文献   

风速垂直变化对催化剂扩散的影响     

申亿铭  陈吉航 《气象》1993,19(10):7-11

在寻求层状云中催化剂扩散议程的解时，一般都假定风速为常值，但实际上风速是随高度变化的。该文在云中催化剂的数值模式中考虑了风速随高度的变化，用差分格式求其解，并进行了个例计算和比较分析。  相似文献   

全球月平均高度距平场正斜压性的分析(Ⅱ)——与遥相关型的联系          下载免费PDF全文

张邦林  刘洁 《大气科学学报》1993,16(4):439-445

利用欧洲中心全球客观分析的7层月平均位势高度距平资料,计算了几种大气环流遥相关型指数与各层位势高度距平的相关系数分布。发现:大气环流异常的正压、斜压性的地理差异与遥相关型的垂直结构关系密切。综合经验正交函数分析,结果亦然。  相似文献