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971.
Wind stress fields with high temporal resolution over the North Pacific have been constructured by using ERS-1 scatterometer
data. A simple objective analysis, a successive correction method, was used to construct the fields. Several necessary parameters
used in the method are examined by a simulation based on the climatological data. The meridional decorrelation scale of the
wind stress depends strongly on the season, while the zonal decorrelation scale is highly stable. We determined the decorrelation
scale depending on the location and the time and applied to the successive correction method. The monthly mean field constructed
by averaging the daily mean data is free from an aliasing error, which is a serious problem if a simple monthly averaging
is applied. The daily wind stress data obtained in the present study represent small time- and spatial-scale variation and
large amplitudes compared with data interpolated from simple monthly mean data. The satellite-derived data are also compared
with in situ data obtained by meteorological buoys. The satellite wind speeds are lower than in situ wind speeds for every
buoy. This underestimation is not due to the present objective analysis, but due to the original data, the ERS-1 Scatterometer
Value-Added Product. 相似文献
972.
采用预应力锚索加固边坡是一种切实有效的方法。考虑锚索预应力变化与坡体蠕变之间的耦合效应,建立两种耦合模型并推导模型的本构方程和有效预应力的变化公式。基于实际锚固工程的预应力监测数据,采用反分析方法得到坡体的蠕变参数,划分预测阶段后采用相应的理论模型,通过理论计算值与实际监测值的对比分析,验证了分段预测模型的合理性和准确性。研究表明:在预应力预测的全周期采用单一的耦合模型,随着时间发展产生的偏差也随之增大;弹性模型与广义Kelvin模型并联(H-K模型)预应力曲线下降较快,适用于预测锚索锚固初期的预应力损失;弹性体上并联广义Kelvin(H-2K模型)能更好地拟合锚索预应力的长期变化。合理的分阶预测能够准确地评价锚索预应力的损失变化,为及时采取措施以保证边坡的稳定与安全提供科学依据。 相似文献
973.
974.
The catastrophic nature of seismic risk resides in the fact that a group of structures and infrastructure is simultaneously
excited by spatially correlated seismic loads due to an earthquake. For this, both earthquake-to-earthquake (inter-event)
and site-to-site (intra-event) correlations associated with ground motion prediction equations must be taken into account
in assessing seismic hazard and risk at multiple sites. The consideration of spatial correlation of seismic demand affects
aggregate seismic losses as well as identified scenario seismic events. To investigate such effects quantitatively, a simulation-based
seismic risk model for spatially distributed structures is employed. Analysis results indicate that adequate treatment of
spatial correlation of seismic demand is essential and the probability distribution of aggregate seismic loss can be significantly
different from those based on the assumptions that seismic excitations are not correlated or fully correlated. Furthermore,
the results suggest that identified scenario events by deaggregation in terms of magnitude and distance become more extreme
if the spatial correlation is ignored. 相似文献
975.
三峡库区重庆段水土流失的时空格局特征 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In
this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques.
The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists
in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and
sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil
and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant
correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect.
(7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water
loss has obvious correlation with R.
Foundation: National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.40801077; Science & Technology Research Project Supported by Chongqing Municipal
Education Commission, No.KJ070811; Doctoral Fund of Chongqing Normal University, No.06XLB004; Project by Chongqing Water Conservancy
Bureau
Author: Li Yuechen (1974–), Ph.D and Associate Professor, specialized in the study of remote sensing application and land use/land
cover change. 相似文献
976.
利用震害期望损失率方法对考虑结构抗力因素的建筑物地震保险纯费率的厘定方法作了分析,并采用该厘定方法得到了两个工程实例的砖结构、钢筋混凝土结构的建筑物地震保险的纯费率. 相似文献
977.
纤维增强钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能试验研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
纤维与胶粉的掺入可以改善混凝土材料的阻尼性能。本文首先利用自主开发的三点弯曲梁式大尺寸材料阻尼测试装置在频率(0.5~2.0Hz)条件下测定了4种不同配比纤维增强阻尼混凝土的损耗因子与储存模量,然后利用配制的纤维阻尼增强混凝土制作了4个框架柱,通过单轴滞回特性试验研究了在相同的轴压比、配筋率、配箍率、剪压比条件下,纤维增强阻尼混凝土与普通混凝土在非线性阶段阻尼性能、抗震性能及破坏特征的差异,得出纤维增强阻尼混凝土的骨架曲线和恢复力曲线的特征点。试验结果表明:在弹性范围内,纤维可以大幅提高素混凝土的阻尼性能,使素混凝土的损耗因子提高大约80%~200%,但是当构件进入非线性阶段以后,材料阻尼对普通混凝土阻尼性能影响很小。 相似文献
978.
Soil and water loss has been the most serious eco-environmental problem in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Chongqing. In this paper the authors studied the spatiotemporal features of soil and water loss from 1999 to 2004 based on RS and GIS techniques. The results showed that: (1) The soil and water loss area decreased from 1999 to 2004. (2) Soil and water loss mainly exists in purple soil, yellow soil, limestone soil, paddy soil and yellow brown soil distributed areas. (3) The dry slope land and sparse woodland that are intensively influenced by human activities experienced most serious soil and water loss. (4) Soil and water loss in the study area indicated an obvious vertical differentiation characteristic. (5) There is a significant correlation between soil and water loss and slope. (6) There is no obvious correlation between soil and water loss and aspect. (7) Soil and water loss mainly exists in the values of R between 300 and 340 distribution area. The very-high soil and water loss has obvious correlation with R. 相似文献
979.
De-farming slope farmland has been an effective measure in recent years for the improvement of the eco-environment and the mitigation of soil and water loss on the Loess Plateau. This paper, taking the Yangou Basin as a case study and using day-by-day meteorological data of Yan’an station in 2005, simulated and analyzed the quantitative relation between crop yield, soil and water loss and topographic condition with the aid of WIN-YIELD software. Results show that: 1) topographic gradient has important influence on crop yield. The bigger gradient is, the lower the crop yield. Yields of sorghum and corn decrease by 15.44% and 14.32% respectively at 25° in comparison to the case of 0°. In addition, yields of soya, bean and potato decrease slightly by 5.26%, 4.67% and 3.84%, respectively. The influences of topographic height and slope aspect on crop yield are slight. 2) Under the same topographic condition, different crops’ runoff and soil loss show obvious disparity. Topographic gradient has important influence on soil and water loss. In general, the changing trend is that the soil and water loss aggregates with the increase of gradient, and the maximal amount occurs around 20°. The influence of topographic height is slight. Topographic aspect has a certain effect, and the fundamental characteristic is that values are higher at the aspect of south than north. 3) Topographic gradients of 5° and 15° are two important thresholds. The characteristic about soil and water loss with the variation of topographic gradients show that: the slope farmland with gradient less than 5° could remain unchanged, and the slope farmland more than 15° should be de-farmed as early as possible. 相似文献
980.
BY LENNART STRÖMQUIST INGVAR BACKÉUS 《Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography》2009,91(1):31-45
Landscapes bear witness to past and present natural and societal processes influencing the environment and human livelihoods. By analysing landscape change at different spatial scales over time the effects on the environment and human livelihoods of various external and internal driving forces of change can be studied. This paper presents such an analysis of miombo woodland surrounding the Mkata plains in central Tanzania. The rich natural landscape diversity of the study area in combination with its historical and political development makes it an ideal observation ground for this kind of study. The paper focuses on long‐term physical and biological changes, mainly based on satellite information but also on field studies and a review of documents and literature. The miombo woodlands are highly dynamic semi‐arid ecosystems found on a number of nutrient‐poor soil groups. Most of the woodlands are related to an old, low‐relief geomorphology of erosion surfaces with relatively deep and leached soils, or to a lesser extent also on escarpments and steep Inselberg slopes with poor soils. Each period in the past has cast its footprints on the landscape development and its potential for a sustainable future use. On a regional level there has been a continual decrease in forest area over time. Expansion of agriculture around planned villages, implemented during the 1970s, in some cases equals the loss of forest area (Mikumi‐Ulaya), whilst in other areas (Kitulangalo), the pre‐independence loss of woodland was small; the agricultural area was almost the same during the period 1975–1999, despite the fact that forests have been lost at an almost constant rate over the same period. Illegal logging and charcoal production are likely causes because of the proximity to the main highway running through the area. Contrasting to the general regional pattern are the conditions in a traditional village (Ihombwe), with low immigration of people and a maintained knowledge of the resource potential of the forest with regards to edible plants and animals. In this area the local community has control of the forest resources in a Forest Reserve, within which the woody vegetation has increased in spite of an expansion of agriculture on other types of village land. The mapping procedure has shown that factors such as access to transport and lack of local control have caused greater deforestation of certain areas than during the colonial period. Planned villages have furthermore continued to expand over forest areas well after their implementation, rapidly increasing the landscape fragmentation. One possible way to maintain landscape and biodiversity values is by the sustainable use of traditional resources, based on local knowledge of their management as illustrated by the little change observed in the traditionally used area. 相似文献