About the specification of erosion flux for soft stratified cohesive sediments     

Georges Chapalain  Y. Peter Sheng  André T. Temperville 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(6):651-676

The present paper deals with the specification of bed erosion flux that accounts for the effects of sediment-induced stratification in the water column. Owing to difficulties in measuring the bed shear stress _b and the erosive shear strength _s, we suggest a series of methods that combine laboratory and numerical experiments. A simplified turbulent transport model that includes these effects helps to quantify _b and _s. Focusing on soft stratified beds, the present study considers erosion rate formulas of the form =_f exp {[T_b-T_s]} where is a model constant (=1 for Gularte's (1978) formula and =1/2 for Parchure's (1984) formula). First, the bed erosive strength profile _s(Z) is adjusted by forcing the turbulent transport model with measured erosion rates. Second, three procedures are suggested to determine the erosion rate formula coefficients _f and : a global procedure and two different layer-by-layer procedures. Each procedure is applied to an erosion experiment conducted in a rotating annular flume by Villaret and Paulic (1986). The use of the layer-by-layer procedure based on a least squares fitting technique provides a closer fit than the global procedure. The present study points out the complementarity of experimental and numerical approaches and also suggests possible improvements in laboratory test procedures.  相似文献   

Blind prediction of the site effects at Ashigara Valley,Japan, and its comparison with reality     

J. Zahradník  P. Moczo  F. Hron 《Natural Hazards》1994,10(1-2):149-170

Weak and strong ground motions were numerically predicted for three stations of the Ashigara Valley test site. The prediction was based on the records from a rock-outcrop station, one weak-motion record from a surface-sediments station, and the standard geotechnical model. The data were provided by the Japanese Working Group on the Effects of Surface Geology as a part of an international experiment. The finite-difference method for SH waves in a 2-D linear viscoelastic medium (a causalQ model) was employed.Comparison with the real records shows that at two stations the predictions fit better than at the third one. Strangely, the two better predictions were for stations situated at larger distances from the reference rock station (one station was on the surface, the other in a borehole). The strong ground motion (the peak acceleration of about 200 cm s^–2) was not predicted qualitatively worse than the weak motion (8 cm s^–2). A less sophisticated second prediction (not submitted during the experiment), in which we did not attempt to fit the available weak-motion record at the sedimentary station, agrees with the reality significantly better.  相似文献   

Effects of onshore and offshore topography on sea breeze circulation: An observational study at eastern Attica,Greece     

M. Varvayanni  C. G. Helmis  G. T. Amanatidis  D. N. Asimakopoulos  J. G. Bartzis  A. Soilemes  K. H. Papadopoulos  H. D. Kambezidis 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1993,140(4):681-720

Field measurements of wind, air temperature and humidity were taken at the eastern part of the Attika district in June 1991, to examine the topographic influences exerted on the local sea breezes. These influences are due either to the elongated Evia island, faced by the northern half of Attica coastline some tens of kilometers offshore, or to the coast-parallel range of Hymettos mountain, rising steeply 12 km onshore. The instrumentation consisted mainly of three tethered meteorological balloons released at characteristic sires (i.e., the coast, a location between shoreline and mountain foot and the mountain top) and three autographic ground-based anemometers operating at selected locations. Data from the ground-based and upper air stations of the Hellenic National Meteorological Service, as well as the diurnal weather maps were also obtained and analyzed. Observations were made under different synoptic wind and the latter was found to determine remarkably the significance of the topographic effects. A preliminary two-dimensional numerical approach was also made concerning the sea breeze capability to reach the Hymettos mountain top in the case of a weak opposing geostrophic flow.  相似文献   

The “Zero-order Model” revisited: Paul Schindler's influence on the development of trace metal scavenging models     

Santschi  Peter H.  Honeyman  Bruce D.  Quigley  Matthew S. 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1993,55(4):230-239

In 1975 Paul Schindler produced the first oceanic trace metal scavenging model to explicitly include the role of surface chemistry as a control on trace metal water column residence times. The eighteen years that have elapsed since the publication of Schindler's seminal paper have seen the development of a variety of oceanic scavenging models; yet, the fundamental insight of his Zero-order Model remains the benchmark. This paper describes the role of Paul Schindler's work on surface chemistry in providing a framework for the current generation of trace element scavenging models.  相似文献   

首都减灾圈的思考与建议     

张少泉  吕庆书 《地震》1993,(5):47-61

首都减灾圈,系首都减轻自然灾害预测防治圈。1991年12月20—21日在北京召开了《首都圈自然灾害及其减灾对策研讨会》。本文根据这次会议所提供的材料,在从整体上实现减灾的思想指导下,就首都减灾圈的“成灾背景”、“首都减灾圈的组成”、“首都减灾圈的灾害预测与防治状况”、“首都减灾圈的灾害关联性分析”、“首都减灾圈的减灾实效预估”和“首都减灾圈的减灾对策与实施”等六个带有共同性的问题,进行了讨论。供制定首都圈减灾方案时参考。  相似文献   

Seasonal variation of atmospheric dimethylsulfide at Amsterdam Island in the southern Indian Ocean     

B. C. Nguyen  N. Mihalopoulos  S. Belviso 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1990,11(1-2):123-141

Daily measurements of atmospheric concentrations of dimethylsulfide (DMS) were carried out for two years in a marine site at remote area: the Amsterdam Island (37°50S–77°31E) located in the southern Indian Ocean. DMS concentrations were also measured in seawater. A seasonal variation is observed for both DMS in the atmosphere and in the sea-surface. The monthly averages of DMS concentrations in the surface coastal seawater and in the atmosphere ranged, respectively, from 0.3 to 2.0 nmol l^-1 and from 1.4 to 11.3 nmol m^-3 (34 to 274 pptv), with the highest values in summer. The monthly variation of sea-to-air flux of DMS from the southern Indian Ocean ranges from 0.7 to 4.4 mol m^-2 d^-1. A factor of 2.3 is observed between summer and winter with mean DMS fluxes of 3.0 and 1.3 mol m^-2 d^-1, respectively.  相似文献   

Carbon, sulfur and O₂ across the Permian–Triassic boundary     

Robert A. Berner   《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):416

A model for the carbon and sulfur cycles across the Permian–Triassic boundary has been constructed from carbon and sulfur isotopic data. Results indicate a drop in global organic matter burial, the formation of an anoxic deep ocean, and a large drop in atmospheric oxygen over the time span 270 to 240 Ma. Much of these changes were probably due to a drop in terrestrial productivity and preservation and an increase in global aridity.  相似文献   

Estimation of runoff distribution within river systems: Application to the Lena Basin (Siberia)     

N. Kosheleva  E. Karabanov  A. Kositskiy  D. Williams  S. Armstrong 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2006,88(1-3):118

A channel account approach is proposed to estimate longitudinal changes in runoff along large river systems. This new method provides a quantitative basis for describing the fluvial transport of suspended particulate material and dissolved substances. This method includes an evaluation of basic elements of water balance in separate sections of the river network and subsequent correction of channel accounting equations for the entire system using a maximum likelihood principle. To calculate water discharges of tributaries that have no hydrological information, structural analysis of river network is performed. This approach provides less error in comparison with traditional methods of estimating lateral inflow. The method is used to trace water discharge with increasing distance along the Lena river basin and to evaluate the contribution of geologically and lithologically uneven sub-basins in water discharge formation during a summer low water period.  相似文献   

西南岩溶地下水资源开发利用效应与潜力分析   总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15  

蒋忠诚  夏日元  时坚  裴建国  何师意  梁彬 《地球学报》2006,27(5):495-502

西南岩溶地区面积78万km2,地下水系统包括裸露岩溶水系统和覆盖-埋藏型岩溶水系统两大类。由于降水丰富、地下岩溶发育,西南岩溶地下水资源丰富,在43万km2调查区内,具有地下水天然资源量1762.82×108m3/a,岩溶地下水允许开采资源量615.70×108m3/a。近年来,通过开展水文地质调查,在地下河、表层岩溶水和蓄水构造岩溶水打井开采方面均取得重要进展,产生了显著的经济和生态环境效应。但由于西南地区岩溶水开发难度大,区域经济落后,西南岩溶地下水的开发利用程度普遍较低,已开采量为98.32×108m3/a,仅占允许开采量的15.97%,剩余地下水潜力资源量517.38×108m3/a。  相似文献   

西部戈壁荒漠区大极距激电找矿试验分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

孟贵祥  庄道泽  王为江 《地球学报》2006,27(2):175-180

本文主要介绍在西部戈壁荒漠区东天山土屋铜矿上进行大极距激电方法的试验效果,讨论各参数变化对测量结果的不同影响,阐述在该类地区进行大极距激电工作时应采取的原则和措施。  相似文献