Management and sediment dynamics of the St. Lucia Estuary mouth,Zululand, South Africa     

C. I. Wright  T. R. Mason 《Environmental Geology》1993,22(3):227-241

St. Lucia Estuary is on the subtropical, predominantly microtidal Zululand coast of South Africa. Lake St. Lucia's surface area fluctuates between 420 and 215 km² and has a mean depth of less than 1 m. The 21-km-long narrows connects Lake St. Lucia with the Indian Ocean. Tidal effects penetrate 14 km up the narrows. The St. Lucia system has changed substantially since the 1930s due to bad farming techniques within its catchment. Large amounts of sediment were deposited in the estuary mouth, resulting in relocation of the Mfolozi River mouth to the south at Mapelane. The St. Lucia catchment was subjected to two devastating floods in the last ten years: Cyclone Domoina during February 1984 and the September 1987 cutoff low flood. After floods scoured out the estuary, marine sand advanced up the estuary at a rate of 1200 m/y as a series of flood-tidal deltas. Over 600,000 m³ of sediment accumulated in the St. Lucia Estuary mouth from February 1988 to November 1989. Of this amount, 466,000 m³ of sediment was removed by dredging, although this has not stopped the shoaling. During high rainfall years, the estuary mouth is able to maintain an open outlet to the sea, but as lake levels drop, shoaling causes the mouth to constrict and eventually close. Without the dredging program the mouth would ultimately close during low rainfall years, causing management problems.  相似文献   

基于人工神经网络的洪涝预报方法研究     

陈冰廉  王庆国 《广西气象》2006,27(3):1-4

针对西江流域的洪涝灾害，利用流域的水文参量和气象参量作为自变量，探索基于人工神经网络的洪涝预报方法。以西江流域梧州市1971～2003年超过警戒水位（17．0m）共125次作为研究对象，选取流域的水文参量和气象参量作为预报因子，对数量众多预报因子采用自然正交分解（EOF）方法，浓缩大量因子的有效信息，建立了西江流域梧州洪涝的人工神经网络预报模型。结果表明：所建立的预报模型历史拟合平均绝对百分比误差为2．21％，平均绝对误差为0．43m，预报结果平均绝对百分比误差为2．34％，平均绝对误差为0．45m，预报效果较好，可应用于实际的洪涝预报中。  相似文献   

The youngest record of metriorhynchid crocodylomorphs,with implications for the extinction of Thalattosuchia     

《Cretaceous Research》2015

Here we describe an isolated tooth of a metriorhynchid crocodylomorph from the Hybla Formation (Aptian, Lower Cretaceous) of Rocca Chi Parra quarry (Montagna Grande, Calatafimi, Trapani Province), Sicily, Italy. The specimen shares with the Upper Jurassic taxon Plesiosuchus manselii a mediolaterally compressed conical tooth crown, noticeable lingual curvature, mesial and distal carinae with microscopic, rectangular contiguous denticles, strong distal curvature of the mesial margin, and the presence of weak 'carinal flanges' on the labial and lingual surfaces (which are preeminent at the mid-crown). This suite of morphologies is also present in an unnamed Valanginian (Lower Cretaceous) plesiosuchinan from France. However, the Sicilian tooth differs from these taxa in having more pronounced carinae, and faint apicobasally aligned enamel ridges. It also differs from P. manselii in having more extensive 'carinal flanges' on the labial surface. The specimen extends the known geological range of Metriorhynchidae and Thalattosuchia by approximately 7–8 million years. This overturns previous hypotheses of Metriorhynchidae becoming extinct early in the Early Cretaceous.  相似文献   

Development of storm surge which led to flooding in St. Bernard Polder during Hurricane Katrina   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B.A. Ebersole  J.J. Westerink  J.C. Dietrich 《Ocean Engineering》2010,37(1):91-103

Hurricane Katrina caused devastating flooding in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana. Storm surge surrounded the polder that comprises heavily populated sections of the Parish in addition to the Lower 9th Ward section of Orleans Parish. Surge propagated along several pathways to reach levees and walls around the polder's periphery. Extreme water levels led to breaches in the levee/wall system which, along with wave overtopping and steady overflow, led to considerable flood water entering the polder. Generation and evolution of the storm surge as it propagated into the region is examined using results from the SL15 regional application of the ADCIRC storm surge model. Fluxes of water into the region through navigation channels are compared to fluxes which entered through Lake Borgne and over inundated wetlands surrounding the lake. Fluxes through Lake Borgne and adjacent wetlands were found to be the predominant source of water reaching the region. Various sources of flood water along the polder periphery are examined. Flood water primarily entered through the east and west sides of the polder. Different peak surges and hydrograph shapes were experienced along the polder boundaries, and reasons for the spatial variability in surge conditions are discussed.  相似文献   

用相对定位法精细测定张北地震序列的时空参数   总被引：11，自引：1，他引：10  

高景春  胡斌 《华北地震科学》1999,17(1):42-46,53

使用笔者改进了的相对地震定位方法对１９９８年１月１０日至５月３１日的张北地震序列中ＭＬ３．０级以上地震进行了重新测定,由于相对定位法能在一定程度上抵消地壳速度结构的横向不均匀性地震定位的影响,从而取得了较常规定位方法更精细的结果。  相似文献   

海鞘中一种酚类衍生物的分离与结构鉴定   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

俎成立  顾谦群  方玉春 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1999,(1)

从采自青岛海域的柄海鞘Ｓｔｙｅｌａｃｌａｖａ中分离到一种酚类衍生物。经过ＩＲ,ＭＳ,１ＨＮＭＲ和１３ＣＮＭＲ等波谱数据分析,确定其结构为２,４－二叔丁基苯酚。此化合物为首次从该海域海鞘中得到。  相似文献   

厄尼诺对人类社会的影响   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

包澄澜  向元珍 《气象科学》2000,21(3):277-288

厄尼诺事件可引起全球气候异常及各种海洋－气象灾害。九十年代以来,前期连续发生三次厄尼诺事件,１９９７～１９９８年更发生了一百多年来最强的一次厄尼诺事件。这种异常的厄尼诺形势必将影响到九十年代更为频繁而严重的自然灾害。据１９４９－１９９１年历史资料统计,厄尼诺年的当年或次年夏季,西北太平洋的年台风发生总数为低值谷年,江淮流域则是洪涝年。九十年代前期,台风发生总数连续出现三个低值谷年,１９９８年只有极  相似文献   

星载微波SSM/I多时相辐射观测的特征指数监测与评估2003年7月中国淮河流域汛情   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

颜锋华  金亚秋 《地球物理学报》2005,48(4):775-779

由辐射传输方程推导星载被动微波遥感SSM/I辐射观测的极化指数PI,凸现地表土壤湿度的变化与距平异常ΔnPI,用特征性指数PI、ΔnPI和散射指数SI来监测大尺度陆地地面的降雨和地区土壤湿度、洪涝汛情的变化.用中国淮河流域7年同月SSM/I观测数据的平均<PI>,洪涝期间的PI,ΔnPI和SI监测该流域2003年7月的洪涝汛情.提出距平异常值指数K分布,定量评估了洪涝汛情的范围和程度.  相似文献   

Carbonate stromatolites from a Messinian hypersaline setting in the Caltanissetta Basin, Sicily: petrographic evidence of microbial activity and related stable isotope and rare earth element signatures     

ELVIRA OLIVERI  RODOLFO NERI  ADRIANA BELLANCA  ROBERT RIDING†  Associate Editor: Tracy Frank 《Sedimentology》2010,57(1):142-161

Lower Messinian stromatolites of the Calcare di Base Formation at Sutera in Sicily record periods of low sea‐level, strong evaporation and elevated salinity, thought to be associated with the onset of the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Overlying aragonitic limestones were precipitated in normal to slightly evaporative conditions, occasionally influenced by an influx of meteoric water. Evidence of bacterial involvement in carbonate formation is recorded in three dolomite‐rich stromatolite beds in the lower portion of the section that contain low domes with irregular crinkly millimetre‐scale lamination and small fenestrae. The dominant microfabrics are: (i) peloidal and clotted dolomicrite with calcite‐filled fenestrae; (ii) dolomicrite with bacterium‐like filaments and pores partially filled by calcite or black amorphous matter; and (iii) micrite in which fenestrae alternate with dark thin wispy micrite. The filaments resemble Beggiatoa‐like sulphur bacteria. Under scanning electron microscopy, the filaments consist of spherical aggregates of dolomite, interpreted to result from calcification of bacterial microcolonies. The dolomite crystals are commonly arranged as rounded grains that appear to be incorporated or absorbed into developing crystal faces. Biofilm‐like remains occur in voids between the filaments. The dolomite consistently shows negative δ¹³C values (down to ?11·3‰) and very positive δ¹⁸O (mean value 7·9‰) that suggest formation as primary precipitate with a substantial contribution of organic CO₂. Very negative δ¹³C values (down to ?31·6‰) of early diagenetic calcite associated with the dolomite suggest contribution of CO₂ originating by anaerobic methane oxidation. The shale‐normalized rare earth element patterns of Sutera stromatolites show features similar to those in present‐day microbial mats with enrichment in light rare earth elements, and M‐type tetrad effects (enrichment around Pr coupled to a decline around Nd and a peak around Sm and Eu). Taken together, the petrography and geochemistry of the Sutera stromatolites provide diverse and compelling evidence for microbial influence on carbonate precipitation.  相似文献   

Shallow geology characterization using Rayleigh and Love wave dispersion curves derived from seismic noise array measurements     

T. Boxberger  M. Picozzi  S. Parolai 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2011,75(2):345-354

The local geology and shallow S-wave velocity structure of a site are recognized to be key factors for the increase in the damaging potential of seismic waves. Indeed, seismic amplitudes may be amplified in frequency ranges unfavorable for building stock by the presence of soft sedimentary covers over lying hard bedrock. Hence, microzonation activities, which aim at assessing the site response as accurately as possible, have become a fundamental task for the seismic risk reduction of urbanized areas. Methods based on the measurement of seismic noise, which typically are fast, non-invasive, and low cost, have become a very attractive option in microzonation studies.Using observations derived from seismic noise recordings collected by two-dimensional arrays of seismic stations, we present a novel joint inversion scheme for surface wave curves. In particular, the Love wave, the Rayleigh wave dispersion and the HVSR curves are innovatively combined in a joint inversion procedure carried out following a global search approach (i.e., the Genetic Algorithm).The procedure is tested using a data set of seismic noise recordings collected at the Bevagna (Italy) test-site. The results of the novel inversion scheme are compared with the inversion scheme proposed by Parolai et al. (2005), where only Rayleigh wave dispersion and HVSR curves are used, and with a cross-hole survey.  相似文献