地理新发现——新发现三座海拔八千米以上山峰北大核心CSCD     

米德生 《冰川冻土》2022,44(6):1958-1966

国际上承认世界八千米以上雪山共有十四座。本文通过直接测量和制图调查,新发现三座八千米以上雪山,使得世界八千米以上雪山达17座。新发现的三座雪山按海拔高度排序,第十五高峰——安娜普尔纳东峰(海拔8 013 m,28°35′42.51″N、83°49′17.63″E),位于尼泊尔境内喜马拉雅山上。第十六高峰——中央峰(海拔8 011 m,35°48′44.05″N、76°33′56.80″E),位于喀喇昆仑山中巴边境线上。第十七高峰——希夏邦马西北峰(海拔8 008 m,28°21′16.54″N、85°46′40.52″E),位于中国境内喜马拉雅山上。  相似文献   

Assessment of Changes in the Value of Ecosystem Services in the Koshi River Basin,Central High Himalayas Based on Land Cover Changes and the CA-Markov Model     

ZHAO Zhilong  WU Xue  ZHANG Yili  GAO Jungang 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2017,8(1):67-76

Climate warming and economic developments have created pressures on the ecological systems that human populations rely on, and this process has contributed to the degradation of ecosystems and the loss of ecosystem services. In this study, Landsat satellite data were chosen as the data source and the Koshi River Basin (KB) in the central high Himalayas as the study area. Changes in land cover and changes in the value of ecosystem services between 1990 and 2010 were analyzed and the land cover pattern of the KB in 2030 and 2050 was modeled using the CA-Markov model. Changes in land cover and in the value of ecosystem services in the KB for the period 2010-2050 were then analyzed. The value of ecosystem services in the KB was found to decrease by 2.05×10⁸ USD y^-1 between 1990 and 2010. Among these results, the services value of forest, snow/glacier and barren area decreased, while that of cropland increased. From 1990 to 2050, forest showed the largest reduction in ecosystem services value, as much as 11.87×10⁸ USD y^-1, while cropland showed the greatest increase, by 3.05×10⁸ USD y^-1. Deforestation and reclamation in Nepal contributed to a reduction in the value of ecosystem services in the KB. Barren areas that were transformed into water bodies brought about an increase in ecosystem services value in the lower reaches of the Koshi River. In general, this process is likely to be related to increasing human activity in the KB.  相似文献   

The development on tansnational tourism in the roof region of the world     

GUOLai-xi  CHEN Xiu－rong 《地理学报(英文版)》1999,(2)

lTOuristRegionalFeaturesWhetherinthenatulalecoSystemorinthesocialhumanSystemstheroofregionoftheworldhasaSPeCialposihonwhichistaplaceableintourismdevelopmentmsisbasedonitSstsmajorchacterishcs.I.IG~beiIghtTIsisthemostprominentandthefial~characterishcintheroofregionoftheworld.FromtheshighalhtUde,newsecondarycharacteriaicsdevelopedinthewayofsenation.TheelevahonofthisareacanbedividedintofourlevelswiththeircharacteriaicsandtouristdevelopmentfunctionsreSPeChvely.1.l.lHighpeakregionintheworldT…  相似文献   

Detrital zircon U-Pb-He double dating: A method of quantifying long- and short-term exhumation rates in collisional orogens     

Christina Yan Wang  Ian H. Campbell  Peter W. Reiners  Charlotte M. Allen 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(11):2702-2711

A U-Pb-He double-dating method is applied to detrital zircons with core-rim structure from the Ganges River in order to determine average short- and long-term exhumation rates for the Himalayas. Long-term rates are calculated from the U/Pb ages of metamorphic rims of the grains that formed during the Himalayan orogeny and their crystallization temperatures, which are calculated from the Ti-in-zircon thermometer. Short-term rates are calculated from(U-Th)/He ages of the grains with appropriate closure temperatures. The results show that short-term rates for the Himalayas, which range from 0.70 ± 0.09 to 2.67 ± 0.40 km/Myr and average 1.75 ± 0.59(1±) km/Myr, are higher and more varied than the long-term rates, which range from 0.84 ± 0.16 to 1.85 ± 0.35 km/Myr and average 1.26 ± 0.25(1±) km/Myr. The differences between the long-term and short-term rates can be attributed to continuous exhumation of the host rocks in different mechanisms in continental collision orogen. The U/Pb ages of 44.0 ± 3.7 to 18.3 ± 0.5 Ma for the zircon rims indicate a protracted episode of ~25 Myr for regional metamorphism of the host rocks at deeper crust, whereas the(U-Th)/He ages of 42.2 ± 1.8 to 1.3 ± 0.2 Ma for the zircon grains represent a protracted period of ~40 Myr for exposure of the host rocks to shallower crustal level. In particular, the oldest(U-Th)/He ages of the zircon grains are close to the oldest U/Pb ages for the rims, indicating that some parcels of the rocks that contain zircons were rapidly exhumed from deep to shallow levels in the stage of collisional orogeny. On the other hand, some parcels of the rocks may have been carried upwards by thrust faults in the post-collisional stage. The parcels could be carried upwards by the thrust faults that steepen as they near the surface, or by transient movement faults so that areas of rapid exhumation became areas of slow exhumation and visa versa on a time scale of a few Myr in order to maintain the continuous exhumation. In this regard, the Ganges River must be preferentially sampling areas that are currently undergoing above average rates of uplift.  相似文献   

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS     

E.Schill    E.Appel    O.Zeh    V.Singh   《地学前缘》2000,(Z1)

BLOCK ROTATIONS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF INDIA (SPITI,N-INDIA) AND THEIR CONTINUATION TO THE EAST (MALARI, N-INDIA)-REGIONAL SIGNIFICANCE FOR THE TECTONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TETHYAN HIMALAYAS1　AppelE ,MuellerR ,WidderRW .GeophysJInt ,1991,10 4:2 5 5～ 2 6 6 . 2　AppelE ,PatzeltA ,ChoukerC .GeophysJInt ,1995 ,12 2 :2 2 7～ 2 42 . 3　BagatiTN .J .Himal.Geol,1990 ,(1) :35～ 47. 4　BesseJ ,CourtillotV .JGeop…  相似文献   

基于NPP-VIIRS数据的喜马拉雅山北坡典型湖泊湖冰提取分析     

孙皓  李传华  姚晓军 《冰川冻土》2021,43(1):70-79

现阶段使用遥感数据监测湖冰物候特征已成为主要的技术手段.NPP-VIIRS是一个较新的卫星数据,它具有空间分辨率较高、波段数多、重访周期短等优点,使用该数据提取湖冰信息是对该领域的一个有益补充.基于NPP-VIIRS数据利用阈值法对拉昂错、玛旁雍错、佩枯错、普莫雍错等典型湖泊进行湖冰提取.获得四个湖泊逐日的冻结百分比,...  相似文献   

Style and timing of glaciation in the Lahul Himalaya,northern India: a framework for reconstructing late Quaternary palaeoclimatic change in the western Himalayas     

LEWIS A. OWEN  RICHARD M. BAILEY  EDWARD J. RHODES  WISHART A. MITCHELL  PETE COXON 《第四纪科学杂志》1997,12(2):83-109

This paper presents a revised glacial chronology for the Lahul Himalaya and provides the most detailed reconstruction of former glacier extents in the western Himalayas published to date. On the basis of detailed geomorphological mapping, morphostratigraphy, and absolute and relative dating, three glaciations and two glacial advances are constrained. The oldest glaciation (Chandra glacial stage) is represented by glacially eroded benches and drumlins (the first to be described from the Himalaya) at altitudes of >4300 m and indicates glaciation on a landscape of broad valleys that had minimal fluvial incision. The second glaciation (Batal glacial stage) is represented by highly weathered and disssected lateral moraines and drumlins representing two phases of glaciation within the Batal glacial stage (Batal I and Batal II). The Batal stage was an extensive valley glaciation interrupted by a readvance that produced superimposed bedforms. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating, indicates that glaciers probably started to retreat between 43400 ± 10300 and 36900 ± 8400 yr ago during the Batal stage. The Batal stage may be equivalent to marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 4 and early Oxygen Isotope Stage 3. The third glaciation (Kulti glacial stage), is represented by well-preserved moraines in the main tributary valleys that formed due to a less-extensive valley glaciation when ice advanced no more than 12 km from present ice margins. On the basis of an OSL age for deltaic sands and gravels that underlie tills of Kulti age, the Kulti glaciation is younger than 36900 ± 8400 yr ago. The development of peat bogs, having a basal age of 9160 ± 70 ¹⁴C yr BP possibly represents a phase of climatic amelioration coincident with post-Kulti deglaciation. The Kulti glaciation, therefore, is probably equivalent to all or parts of late Oxygen Isotope Stage 3, Stage 2 and early Stage 1. Two minor advances (Sonapani I and II) are represented by small sharp-crested moraines within a few kilometres of glacier termini. On the basis of relative weathering, the Sonapani advance is possibly of early mid-Holocene age, whereas the Sonapani II advance is historical. The change in style and extent of glaciation is attributed to topographic controls produced by fluvial incision and by increasing aridity during the Quaternary. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

A method for monthly mapping of wet and dry snow using Sentinel-1 and MODIS: Application to a Himalayan river basin     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2019

Satellite Remote Sensing, with both optical and SAR instruments, can provide distributed observations of snow cover over extended and inaccessible areas. Both instruments are complementary, but there have been limited attempts at combining their measurements. We describe a novel approach to produce monthly maps of dry and wet snow areas through application of data fusion techniques to MODIS fractional snow cover and Sentinel-1 wet snow mask, facilitated by Google Earth Engine. The method is demonstrated in a 55,000 km² river basin in the Indian Himalayan region over a period of ∼2.5 years, although it can be applied to any areas of the world where Sentinel-1 data are routinely available. The typical underestimation of wet snow area by SAR is corrected using a digital elevation model to estimate the average melting altitude. We also present an empirical model to derive the fractional cover of wet snow from Sentinel-1. Finally, we demonstrate that Sentinel-1 effectively complements MODIS as it highlights a snowmelt phase which occurs with a decrease in snow depth but no/little decrease in snowpack area. Further developments are now needed to incorporate these high resolution observations of snow areas as inputs to hydrological models for better runoff analysis and improved management of water resources and flood risk.  相似文献   

Feasibility Comparison of Reanalysis Data from NCEP-Ⅰand NCEP-Ⅱ in the Himalayas     

XIE Aihong  REN Jiawen  QIN Xiang  KANG Shichang 《山地科学学报》2009,6(1)

Mt. Everest is often referred to as the earth's 'third' pole. As such it is relatively inaccessible and little is known about its meteorology. In 2005, an automatic weather station was operated at North Col (28°01' 0.95" N, 86°57' 48.4" E, 6523 m a.s.l.) of Mt. Everest. Based on the observational data, this paper compares the reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR (hereafter NCEP-Ⅰ) and NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ (NCEP-Ⅱ), in order to understand which reanalysis data are more suitable for the high Himalayas with Mt. Everest region. When comparing with those from the other levels, pressure interpolated from 500 hPa level is closer to the observation and can capture more synoptic-scale variability, which may be due to the very complex topography around Mr. Everest and the intricately complicated orographic land-atmosphere-ocean interactions. The interpolation from both NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ daily minimum temperature and daily mean pressure can capture most synoptic-scale variability (r>0.82, n=83, p<0.001). However,there is difference between NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ reanalysis data because of different model parameterization. Comparing with the observation, the magnitude of variability was underestimated by 34.1%, 28.5 % and 27.1% for NCEP-Ⅰ temperature and pressure, and NCEP-Ⅱ pressure, respectively, while overestimated by 44.5 % for NCEP-Ⅱ temperature. For weather events interpolated from the reanalyzed data, NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ show the same features that weather events interpolated from pressure appear at the same day as those from the observation, and some events occur one day ahead, while most weather events interpolated from NCEP-Ⅰ and NCEP-Ⅱ temperature happen one day ahead of those from the observation, which is much important for the study on meteorology and climate changes in the region, and is very valuable from the view of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest.  相似文献   

Pressure and temperature feasibility of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data at Mt. Everest     

Aihong Xie  Jiawen Ren  Xiang Qin  Shikang Kang 《山地科学学报》2008,5(1):32-37

Mt.Everest （27°54＇ N,86°54＇ E）,the highest peak,is often referred to as the earth＇s ＇third＇ pole,at an elevation of 8844.43 m. Due to the difficult logistics in the extreme high elevation regions over the Himalayas,observational meteorological data are very few on Mt. Everest. In 2005,an automatic weather station was operated at the East Rongbuk glacier Col of Mt. Everest over the Himalayas. The observational data have been compared with the reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research （NCEP/NCAR）,and the reliability of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data has been investigated in the Himalayan region,after the reanalyzed data were interpolated in the horizontal to the location of Mt. Everest and in the vertical to the height of the observed sites. The reanalysis data can capture much of the synoptic-scale variability in temperature and pressure,although the reanalysis values are systematically lower than the observation. Furthermore,most of the variability magnitude is,to some degree,underestimated. In addition,the variation extracted from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed pressure and temperature prominently appears one-day lead to that from the observational data,which is more important from the standpoint of improving the safety of climbers who attempt to climb Mt. Everest peak.  相似文献