城市人口的遥感估算方法     

邹尚辉 《遥感学报》1991,(3)

常规人口估算方法耗时、费力、财物消耗大且周期长,况且,仅靠少数年份的人口统计资料也是难以准确揭示人口状况的。尽管应用遥感方法估算人口的历史并不长,精度也还不高,但已显示了其优越性。遥感估算人口的主要原理如下。 (1)美国国防卫星及NOAA卫星的热红外通道图像说明,人口分布及其数量与城市耗能量(人工热源)相关,而耗能量又与图像灰度相关;(2)城市人口的膨胀与城市面积的扩展相关;(3)像片上进行住宅计数,用人口普查资料或抽样调查方法确定每户平均人数则可进行人口估算;4)人口密度大小也反映在人工结构物及自然物体的波谱反射率差异上,据此可建立人口数量与反射率的回归方程。  相似文献   

Selection of regional historical rainfall time series as input to urban drainage simulations at ungauged locations   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

P.S. Mikkelsen  H. Madsen  K. Arnbjerg-Nielsen  D. Rosbjerg  P. Harremoës   《Atmospheric Research》2005,77(1-4):4

It has become established practice during the past 20 years to use high-resolution historical rainfall time series as input to hydrological model packages for detailed simulation of urban drainage systems. However, sufficiently long rain series are rarely available from the exact catchment in question and simulations are hence often based on available rain series from other locations. Extreme rainfall properties of importance to the performance of urban storm drainage systems vary significantly even in regions with only minor physiographic differences. Part of this variation can be explained by regional variations of the mean annual rainfall and the remaining statistical residue can be interpreted as statistical uncertainty.In Denmark, more than 75 high-resolution rain gauges are installed across a total area of 43,000 m. About 40 gauges had sufficiently long records to be included in a comprehensive national investigation where newly developed statistical regionalisation procedures were used to model the regional variation of extreme rainfalls. On this basis, a spreadsheet model was made available for estimation of extreme design rainfalls and the associated uncertainty at any location in the country. Statistics were furthermore computed to classify historical rainfall time series according to the developed regional model, and this makes it possible to assess the uncertainty related with using different historical rain series for simulations at ungauged locations.This research indicates that use of historical point rainfall data at ungauged locations introduces a significant uncertainty that is largely overlooked in today's practice. The engineering recommendation is to select historical rain series based on an evaluation of the local physiographic characteristics (e.g., the mean annual rainfall) and a (pre-defined) desired safety level of the simulations.  相似文献   

1980年以来我国城市商业区位研究述评   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

方远平  闫小培  毕斗斗 《热带地理》2007,27(5):435-440

总结了1980年以来我国城市商业区位研究的进展。将我国商业区位研究大致划分为3个阶段,即以商业地理学及城市商业区位为主的宏观研究阶段,以城市商业网点区位及商业活动空间结构为主的中观研究阶段,以大型购物中心、百货店、零售店区位等为主的微观研究阶段,分析了各个阶段对应的研究主要内容与研究方法,对近年来城市商业区位研究新领域:信息化背景下商业区位、轨道交通影响下的商业区位、微区位理论、外资零售企业区位、社区商业布局等进行了概述,总结出我国商业区位研究存在的重实证、轻理论等问题,并对未来商业区位的研究提出几点思路。  相似文献   

广州城市旅游竞争力研究及其发展战略   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

伍向阳  朱照宇 《热带地理》2007,27(6):553-557,563

随着经济的发展和产业升级的不断推进，旅游业作为第三产业的重要组成部分受到高度重视，国际旅游市场竞争也日益激烈。基于国际旅游竞争力理论，选取18项旅游竞争力评价指标，采用主成分分析法对我国15个大城市进行了旅游竞争力计算与排序，并将广州与各主要城市进行对比分析。结果表明，在城市旅游综合竞争力方面，广州仅次于北京、上海位于第3位，广州在旅游市场、设施、企业等方面有竞争优势，但在旅游文化、城市环境质量、旅游意识等方面存在明湿差距。据此从营销导向、产品升级、品牌带动、持续发展和区域联动等5个方面对广州旅游发展战略选择进行了详细探讨。  相似文献   

Vulnerability of groundwater in Quaternary aquifers to organic contaminants: a case study in Wuhan City,China   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

Yanxin Wang  Broder J. Merkel  Yilian Li  Hui Ye  Surong Fu  Dana Ihm 《Environmental Geology》2007,53(3):479-484

More than 30 organic contaminants were detected in shallow groundwaters at Wuhan, the largest city in central China. Seriously contaminated groundwaters were from densely populated, industrial and commercial areas. Abnormal concentrations were found in groundwater from Hankou, downtown Wuhan: trimethylbenzene up to 29 μg/L, tetramethylbenzene up to 866 μg/L, and trichloroethene up to 9.5 μg/L. Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene and Xylene (BTEX) contamination of groundwater is serious and widespread at Wuhan, ranging between 0.14 and 25.0 μg/L. Considering the hydrogeological conditions of most Chinese cities, DRAMIC, a modified version of the widely used DRASTIC model, was proposed by the authors for assessing vulnerability of groundwater to contamination. The factors D, R, A and I in DRAMIC model are the same as in DRASTIC. The factor topography is ignored. The factor soil media is substituted by a new factor aquifer thickness (M) and the factor hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer by a new factor impact of contaminant (C). The equation for determining the DRAMIC Index is: DRAMIC = 5D _R + 3R _R + 4A _R + 2M _R + 5I _R + 1C _R. The calculated DRAMIC Index can be used to identify areas that are more likely to be susceptible to groundwater contamination relative to each other. The higher the DRAMIC Index is, the greater the groundwater pollution potential. Applying DRAMIC, a GIS-based vulnerability map for Wuhan city was prepared. Interestingly, places such as downtown Hankou, where enhanced concentrations of BTEX have been detected, correspond quite well with those with higher DRAMIC ratings.  相似文献   

梅州城市空间形态演化及其成因分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

俞万源 《热带地理》2007,27(4):379-384

在把握梅州城市近千年的形成与发展历史的基础上,总结梅州城市空间形态的演化特征,剖析其空间形态演化的成因。受河流的阻碍与切割、行政建制的变迁与政府导向、城市规划的引导与控制、城市的职能转变与规模扩张等多因素的作用和影响,梅州城市空间形态呈"块状-星状-纺锤形-圈层状"演化。梅州城市空间形态的嬗变要满足历史文化名城保护的要求,分散组团状空间形态将是梅州城市空间形态的演化方向。  相似文献   

A Simple Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model For Atmospheric Models: Comparison With Multi-Layer And Slab Models   总被引：26，自引：7，他引：26  

Hiroyuki Kusaka  Hiroaki Kondo  Yokihiro Kikegawa  Fujio Kimura 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,101(3):329-358

We developed a simple, single-layer urban canopy model, and comparedit to both multi-layer and slab models. Our single-layer model has thefollowing features: (a) It is a column model of energy and momentumexchange between an urban surface and the atmosphere, (b) it includesthe influence of street canyons, which are parameterized to representthe urban geometry, (c) it includes shadowing from buildings andreflection of radiation, and (d) it estimates both the surfacetemperatures of, and heat fluxes from, three surface types: roof, wall,and road. In the simulation of the single-layer model, the roof washottest during the daytime, but coolest from midnight to early morning.This is consistent with output from the multi-layer model and fieldobservations at a residential area on a clear, summer day. The diurnalvariation of the energy budget from the single-layer model agrees wellwith that from the multi-layer model. Our single-layer model'sperformance is nearly that of a multi-layer model for studyingmesoscale heat islands. Nevertheless, it is simply parameterized,and thus easily included in larger-scale atmospheric models. The slabmodel has the largest nighttime cooling rate of the three models. Toovercome this, it needs more adjustments than for the canopy models.  相似文献   

景观生态学在城市规划和管理中的应用   总被引：53，自引：2，他引：53  

肖笃宁  高峻  石铁矛 《地球科学进展》2001,16(6):813-820

城市是典型的人工景观，空间结构上属于紧密汇聚型，功能上表现为高能流、高容量和文化上的多样性。城市景观生态研究包括城市空间结构与生态过程，城市景观风貌与城市生态建设，城市景观规划是其最直接的应用。首先论述了城市景观质量与价值评价，包括景观美学评价与景观视觉容量。城市空间结构和景观规划原则是该文论述的主题，包括城市空间布局、城市空间扩展的廊道效应以及城市绿地系统的空间结构分析；以上海和广州市的绿地系统为例进行了重点介绍，最后对于城乡交错带的景观变化进行分析，用景观格局及其动态来描述城乡交错带的城市化过程特点，介绍了上海和沈阳的典型研究。  相似文献   

中国农村转型与耕地保护机制   总被引：122，自引：10，他引：122  

蔡运龙 《地理科学》2001,21(1):1-6

我国农村和城市的发展都处在转型时期，对土地的需求将进一步扩展，而开发边际土地的余地已经有限，未来耕地食物安全的形势将更趋势严峻，因而保护耕地成为我国的基本国策，但实际上由于缺乏保护机制，耕地仍在继续向效益更高的其它土地用途转移，因此，保护耕地的根本大计在于建立机制，保护耕地的经济机制是提高农业的比较经济效益，耕地生态服务功能的价值实现至关重要，在政策管理机制方面，要强化政府在耕地保护中的作用，规范土地管理行为，明确独立于市场的政府土地管理目标，并以法律形式固定的规划作为实现目标的手段，城市发展要加强内涵集约度。  相似文献   

城市边缘区景观变化与人为影响的空间分异研究   总被引：38，自引：5，他引：38  

陈浮  葛小平  陈刚  彭补拙 《地理科学》2001,21(3):210-216

利用1988、1993、1998年的遥感影像，应用最大似然法和概率松弛法对马山景观组分进行了测量，在此基础上，对分类结果进行比较求得研究区景观变化的转移短也阵，分析了人为改造活动与景观组分之间的对应关系和空间变化过程，马山区已经从1988年的传统农业景观转化为1998年的城郊混合景观，人口、经济、产业结构均发生了巨大变化，借助人为影响指数，利用网格采样和地统计学分析，研究了马山1988-1998年间景观的人为开发利用活动，揭示人为活动的空间变异强度分布及景观转变过程的社会驱动力。  相似文献