Short‐term erosion rates from a 7Be inventory balance     

Christopher G. Wilson  Gerald Matisoff  Peter J. Whiting 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2003,28(9):967-977

Detailed soil erosion studies bene?t from the ability to quantify the magnitude of erosion over time scales appropriate to the process. An inventory balance for ⁷Be was used to calculate sediment erosion in a 30·73 m² plot during a series of runoff‐producing thunderstorms occurring over three days at the Deep Loess Research Station in Treynor, Iowa, USA. The inventory balance included determination of the pre‐ and post‐storm ⁷Be inventories in the soil, the atmospheric in?ux of ⁷Be during the event, and pro?les of the ⁷Be activity in the soil following the atmospheric deposition. The erosion calculated in the plot using the ⁷Be inventory balance was 0·058 g cm^?2, which is 23 per cent of the annual average erosion determined using ¹³⁷Cs inventories. The calculated erosion from the mass balance is similar to the 0·059 g cm^?2 of erosion estimated from the amount of sediment collected at the outlet of the 6 ha ?eld during the study period and the delivery ratio (0·64). The inventory balance of ⁷Be provides a new means for evaluating soil erosion over the time period most relevant to quantifying the prediction of erosion from runoff. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Flexure of the Indian plate and intraplate earthquakes   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Roger Bilham  Rebecca Bendick  Kali Wallace 《Journal of Earth System Science》2003,112(3):315-329

The flexural bulge in central India resulting from India's collision with Tibet has a wavelength of approximately 670 km. It is manifest topographically and in the free-air gravity anomaly and the geoid. Calculations of the stress distribution within a flexed Indian plate reveal spatial variations throughout the depth of the plate and also a function of distance from the Himalaya. The wavelength (and therefore local gradient) of stress variation is a function of the effective elastic thickness of the plate, estimates of which have been proposed to lie in the range 40–120 km. The imposition of this stress field on the northward moving Indian plate appears fundamental to explaining the current distribution of intraplate earthquakes and their mechanisms. The current study highlights an outer trough south of the flexural bulge in central India where surface stresses are double the contiguous compressional stresses to the north and south. The Bhuj, Latur and Koyna earthquakes and numerous other recent reverse faulting events occurred in this compressional setting. The N/S spatial gradient of stress exceeds 2 bars/km near the flexural bulge. The overall flexural stress distribution provides a physical basis for earthquake hazard mapping and suggests that areas of central India where no historic earthquakes are recorded may yet be the locus of future damaging events.  相似文献   

西北地区戈壁局地陆面物理参数的研究   总被引：30，自引：4，他引：30       下载免费PDF全文

张强  王胜  卫国安 《地球物理学报》2003,46(5):616-623

采用2000年8月～2001年9月在敦煌戈壁上观测的陆面过程资料，分析了敦煌地区荒漠戈壁地表反照率与太阳高度角和土壤湿度的关系以及土壤热传导率与土壤湿度的关系，初步给出了具有试验基础的戈壁局地反照率和土壤热传导率的多因子参数化公式. 并通过与观测值的比较发现试验资料拟合的参数化公式能够比较好地反映降水等气候因子引起的动态变化.  相似文献   

Numerical Simulation of Drag Partition over Rough Surfaces     

An Li  Yaping Shao 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,108(3):317-342

We present a numerical simulation of drag partition over rough surfaces. A computational fluid dynamics model is applied with high resolution to simulatingturbulent flows over arrays of roughness elements positioned on asmooth surface. The skin drag on the surface and the pressure drag on the roughnesselements are computed. The simulated drag partition compares well with wind-tunnelmeasurements and theoretical estimates for similar rough surfaces. This confirms that the computational approach offers an alternative to wind-tunnel and field experiments in studying drag and drag partition. The model is then applied to studying drag partition over rough surfaces with various roughness configurations. It is shown that drag partition depends not only on the magnitude of the roughness frontal area but also on the sizes and arrangement of roughness elements, because (1) the pressure drag coefficient is sensitive to roughness-element dimensions and (2) the arragement of roughness elements lead to different interferences of turbulent wakes. The impact ofthe latter factor is not insignificant.  相似文献   

热惯量法在监测土壤表层水分变化中的研究   总被引：95，自引：2，他引：95  

余涛  田国良 《遥感学报》1997,1(1):24-31,80

利用遥感方法监测一定层水深土壤水分变化，关键是建立卫星数据与地表水热变化关系，该文地遥感定量反演土壤水热变化的数值模拟系统及热惯量在其边界，初始条件确定中所起的作用进行的简述，并介绍了热惯量法求解表层水分含量的发展概况，为进一步提高定量化监测方法的地必琢计算精度，该文发展了地表能量平均方程的一种新的化简方法，经过这样的处理，可从遥感图象数据直接得到真实热惯量值，进而得到土壤水分含量分布，通过野外实  相似文献   

江苏省主要作物农田水分盈亏量的研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5       下载免费PDF全文

汤志成  张旭晖 《应用气象学报》1997,8(4):503-508

利用江苏省1980～1992年土壤湿度资料，根据土壤水分平衡原理，运用运筹学中的优化技术，结合本省的自然条件和作物生长实际情况，提出有效降水量、下层水分补给量等计算方法，建立了旱地和稻田农田水分盈亏量的计算模式，以便应用实时降水和土壤湿度等资料，计算全省农田水分盈亏量，及时提供农业气象情报服务。  相似文献   

既有房屋饱和土地基极限承载力增长的探讨     

罗哲  黄院雄 《上海国土资源》1997,(4):19-23

饱和土地基在既有房屋长期荷载作用下,地基土强度参数值随着地基土的排水固结和压密而提高,地基极限承载力也同时增大,如何估算此提高值而挖掘其潜力,传统方法只是借助于统计回归讨论了设计承载力。本文从土力学基本原理出发,借助Prandtl假定,对既有房屋饱和土地基极限承载力的增长进行了探讨。  相似文献   

红壤丘陵小区域水平上不同时段土壤质量变化的评价和分析   总被引：39，自引：1，他引：39  

王效举  龚子同 《地理科学》1997,17(2):141-149

引相相对土壤质量指数的概念，应用地理信息系统技术，为小区域水平上土壤质量时空变化的评价提供了一种方法，并用于千烟洲试验站开垦利用１１ａ后土壤质量变化的评价。统计分析服农田，桔园，牧草地，人工林，天然林等多种土地利用方式下土壤质量变化的特征。  相似文献   

RELATIONSHIP OF ECO-ENVIONMENTAL CHANGE WITH NATURAL EROSION AND ARTIFICIALLY ACCELERATED EROSION     

Zheng Feili Tang Keli Zhang Keli Cha Xuan Bai Hongying Northwest Institute of Soil  Water Conservation  CAS  Ministry of Water Resources  Yangling  Shaanxi People''s Republic of China 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(2)

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ON BIO-EFFECTS ON KARST LANDSCAPE IN JIUZHAIGOU CONSERVATION, SICHUAN PROVINCE, CHINA—WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO A MICROMORPHOLOFICAL APPROACH     

Zhang Jie Li Shengfeng Zhou Yinkang Du Jinkang Department of Geography  Nanjing University  Nanjing People''s Republic of China 《地理学报(英文版)》1997,(3)

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