Applicability of Single and Sequential Extractions for Assessing the Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils     

J. Thming  W. Calmano 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(6):338-343

Heavy metal polluted sites are bearing an acute hazardous risk for the groundwater, but also a potential one. While the acute risk can be assessed directly via seepage water measurements, determination of the potential risk is much more complex. It results from the sum of all reactions that are capable to mobilize heavy metals under worst case environ-mental conditions. Using a fourfold sequential extraction (SE₄) such a worst case was simulated for four soils highly contaminated with Pb, Zn, and Cu. The resulting potential mobilizable amounts ϕ_pm have been compared with those derived from 6 single extractions. By means of variance analyses, it is shown that ϕ_pm of lead can be represented by a single extraction with NH₂OH. In contrary, ϕ_pm of zinc can be represented using the pH_stat test or an extraction with aqua regia, while ϕ_pm of copper can be represented only by aqua regia extraction. The water-soluble amounts deriving from the DEV-S4 test do not correlate with the potential mobilizable amounts of any metal. Therefore, an assessment of contaminated sites should include an aqua regia extraction additionally to the seepage water analysis.  相似文献   

长江滩地不同林龄杨树人工林植物群落物种多样性研究     

胡兴宜  唐万鹏  刘学全 《湿地科学与管理》2006,2(4):24-27

本文以石首、公安长江外滩不同林龄杨树人工群落为研究对象,研究了林下植物群落物种多样性的变化规律,结果表明:滩地立地条件较好,适合多种植物生长;滩地造林对土壤养分和草本植物种群数量分布的影响不大;有林地的多样性指数比无林地略有上升,不同林龄草本植物群落的丰富度指数R和多样性指数H′大于1.0、多样性指数D和均匀度指数J小于1.0,且与林龄的变化基本没有相关性,确定了物种多样性指数模型。  相似文献   

Selection of scale can reverse the importance of stochastic controls on community assembly     

Daehyun Kim 《自然地理学》2019,40(2):111-126

Reconciling the long-standing debate on the importance of niche-related and neutral factors on community assembly, recent research suggests that both deterministic and stochastic processes operate simultaneously along a continuum in many biogeographical systems. In particular, stochastic processes seem to lose importance under stressful conditions, which results in the increasing influence of deterministic counterparts. In this paper, I show that, at local scales, this stochasticity–stress relationship can be reversed along the environmental stress gradients within a salt marsh: stochasticity manifested under harshness. Here, low-lying, more stressful sites contained all of the plant species of the local pool (i.e. a greater chance of ecological drift), whereas high-elevation, less stressful sites exhibited reduced species richness due to competitive exclusion (i.e. a lower chance of ecological drift). I conclude that determining whether the importance of stochasticity in shaping community structure is greater under benign or harsh conditions depends on the scale of interest.  相似文献   

当前气候、古气候和生境异质性对中国常绿阔叶木本植物生物地理格局的影响（英文）     

许玥  沈泽昊  应凌霄  臧润国  蒋有绪 《地理学报(英文版)》2019,(7):1142-1158

Understanding biogeographic patterns and the mechanisms underlying them has been a main issue in macroecology and biogeography, and has implications for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem sustainability. Evergreen broad-leaved woody plants(EBWPs) are important components of numerous biomes and are the main contributors to the flora south of 35°N in China. We calculated the grid cell values of species richness(SR) for a total of 6265 EBWP species in China, including its four growth-forms(i.e., tree, shrub, vine, and bamboo), and estimated their phylogenetic structure using the standardized phylogenetic diversity(SPD) and net relatedness index(NRI). Then we linked the three biogeographical patterns that were observed with each single environmental variable representing the current climate, the last glacial maximum(LGM)–present climate variability, and habitat heterogeneity, using ordinary least squares regression with a modified t-test to account for spatial autocorrelation. The partial regression method based on a general linear model was used to decompose the contributions of current and historical environmental factors to the biogeographical patterns observed. The results showed that most regions with high numbers of EBWP species and phylogenetic diversity were distributed in tropical and subtropical mountains with evergreen shrubs extending to Northeast China. Current mean annual precipitation was the best single predictor. Topographic variation and its effect on temperature variation was the best single predictor for SPD and NRI. Partial regression indicated that the current climate dominated the SR patterns of Chinese EBWPs. The effect of paleo-climate variation on SR patterns mostly overlapped with that of the current climate. In contrast, the phylogenetic structure represented by SPD and NRI was constrained by paleo-climate to much larger extents than diversity, which was reflected by the LGM–present climate variation and topog-raphy-derived habitat heterogeneity in China. Our study highlights the importance of embedding multiple dimensions of biodiversity into a temporally hierarchical framework for understanding the biogeographical patterns, and provides important baseline information for predicting shifts in plant diversity under climate change.  相似文献   

优化采样策略下长江口潮间带大型底栖生物物种丰富度的估算     

张婷婷  赵峰  王思凯  张涛  刘鉴毅  高宇  庄平 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(2):114-124

在异质性潮间带湿地中通过野外采样估算大型底栖动物物种丰富度,面临的挑战是统计上精确性的要求与实际采样难度之间的矛盾。为了解决这个问题,本研究通过对采样策略整个过程的三个主要部分进行优化设计（优化采样方法、确定最少采样效力、探索最佳的采样间距）,以期在中国长江河口典型的潮间带湿地中获得一个优化、有效和实用的大型底栖动物采样策略。本研究选取了横断面采样方法,并根据典型栖息地类型（潮滩、潮沟、盐沼植被）进行分层优化采样,这种类型的采样也称为横断面分层抽样。最少采样效力和最佳的采样间距由两个数学方法确定：蒙特·卡洛模拟和物种累积曲线。结果表明,根据典型栖息地类型优化的横断面分层采样,在大为减少采样效力和劳动力的情况下,还能采集样地81%物种,优化效果明显。同时,还分别确定了三类栖息地的最佳采样间隔和最小采样效力：在盐沼植被中,采样效力需要超过1.8 m2,最佳采样间隔为10 m;在潮滩中,最小采样效力2 m2,最佳采样间隔为10 m;在潮沟中,采样效力为3 m2,间隔为1 m。不同栖息地类型之间最小采样效力和最佳采样间隔的差异可能受到优势物种的迁移范围和栖息地的物理差异（例如潮汐水文、底泥、植被覆盖）的影响。本研究所采用的优化采样策略在平衡采样效力的情况下,为大型底栖动物丰富度估算提供良好的精度。此外,在河口湿地进行大型底栖动物调查之时,本研究的结论能提供采样策略参考。本研究所采用的采样策略设计注重采样的三个关键部分,具有良好的采样效果,可作为栖息地管理或生态系统评估的野外实地采样指南。  相似文献   

济南市不同区域水生生物与水环境因子的响应关系   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

刘麟菲  徐宗学  殷旭旺  李福林  王汨 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):998-1011

水生生物与水环境因子是水生态系统中重要的组成部分,研究水生生物与水环境因子的响应关系对制定水生态系统修复方案具有重要意义.于2014年5、8和10月,对济南市水生态系统进行野外采样调查.共设36个采样点,采集鱼类、底栖动物、浮游动物和浮游植物四种生物,并测定了26个水环境因子.采用Spearman相关分析法、小提琴图法和冗余分析法,筛选主要的水环境因子,分析济南市水生生物丰富度和主要水环境因子的分布特征,以及两者间的相互关系.结果表明,共筛选出6个主要的水环境因子,分别为流量（Flow）、溶解氧（DO）、栖息地质量指数（QHEI）、电导率（Cond）、化学需氧量（COD）和总氮（TN）.黄河区Flow、DO、QHEI和水生生物丰富度均较高,小清河区COD、TN、Cond和水生生物丰富度最低.黄河区Cond与鱼类丰富度呈显著相关,城区TN与底栖动物丰富度呈显著相关,小清河区COD、DO和QHEI对水生生物丰富度有显著影响,徒骇马颊河区TN对水生生物丰富度有显著影响.该研究为济南市水生态修复方案的制定提供参考,也为其他城市水生态文明建设提供一种思路.  相似文献   

呼吉尔特矿区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制     

梁向阳  杨建  曹志国 《煤田地质与勘探》2020,48(1):138-144

鄂尔多斯盆地呼吉尔特矿区属于“水压高、水量大、富水性不均一”的深埋侏罗纪煤田区,各矿井面临较严重的水害防治压力,为了弄清该地区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制条件,开展了沉积相与顶板钻孔出水层位、钻孔涌水量、工作面涌水量等方面的相关性研究,结果表明:呼吉尔特矿区导水裂缝带范围内,主要发育曲流河沉积相的延安组真武洞砂岩段和直罗组七里镇砂岩段,岩性为细粒-中粗粒砂岩。直罗组早期发育了一套河流相沉积,对延安组顶部的强烈冲刷侵蚀,导致矿区中部的门克庆、母杜柴登井田范围内2-1煤层缺失,并形成了较厚的七里镇砂岩段;矿区两侧的2-1煤层较完整,其上覆七里镇砂岩较薄。七里镇砂岩含水层是工作面回采过程中的最主要充水含水层,各矿井的工作面顶板疏放水钻孔涌水量差异显著,古河床冲刷带中部的矿井钻孔涌水量普遍大于古河床冲刷带两侧,与顶板地质沉积相有较好的对应关系。煤层顶板地质条件（沉积相）的差异性,控制了各矿井工作面回采过程中涌水量大小;直罗组古河流冲刷带两侧广泛发育的富水条带,则影响工作面涌水量的变化规律。   相似文献   

Fishery resources in arid zone mangroves in gulf of Kachchh, Gujarat, northwest coast of India     

A. Saravanakumar  M. Rajkumar  J. Sesh Serebiah  G. A. Thivakaran 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2009,8(3):233-240

The finfish and shellfish resources were assessed quantitatively and qualitatively in regard to their abundance in creek waters at three sites within a period of two years, from January 1999 to December 2000, in the western mangrove areas of Kachchh. The catch rate varied from 0.69 to 6.99 kg h⁻¹. It was low during monsoon (July to October), which could be due to the freshwater-flow-induced salinity reduction in all the sites. Among 38 species recorded, 5 were shellfish and 33 were finfish. The spawning period of fishes was found to be during summer and early monsoon period (May to August). Surface water temperatures varied from 17 °C to 37 °C. Salinity values varied from 34 to 44 and the pH ranged between 7 and 8.9. Variation in dissolved oxygen content was from 3.42 to 5.85 mL L⁻¹. The high fishery densities in these semi arid mangrove creek areas were recorded during monsoon and early winter season.  相似文献   

浙江南部外海鱼类种类组成和数量分布   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

俞存根  虞聪达  章飞军  宁平  郑基 《海洋与湖沼》2009,40(3):353-360

根据2006年5月、9月、11月和2007年2月浙江南部外海渔业资源调查结果,用渔获率作为鱼类资源分布的数量指标,对浙江南部外海的鱼类种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势作了定量分析。结果表明,浙江南部外海调查海域鱼类种类约有205种,其中海南鲽鲆、长臂沙鲽是2个东海区新记录种。刺鲳、竹笑鱼、发光鲷、条尾鲱鲤、尖牙鲷、短鳍红娘鱼、短鳄齿鱼、带鱼、多棘腔吻鳕、花斑蛇鲻等22种鱼类是调查海域底拖网的主要捕捞鱼类,约占鱼类总渔获量的64．58％,而其它种类的渔获量较少。不同季节的经济鱼类渔获物组成相差较大,渔获量高峰期主要出现在夏、秋季,主要捕捞刺鲳、竹笑鱼、条尾鲱鲤、短鳍红娘鱼、黄鳍马面钝等,而带鱼主要出现在春、夏季和冬季。资源数量分布较高的海区是27°30′-28°30′N海域以及26°00′-27°00′N、121°30′-123°00′E海域,而春季、秋季和冬季虽然资源密度没有夏季高,秋季和冬季调查海域的鱼类资源数量明显下降,但其数量的地理分布趋势与夏季基本相同。主要种类的空间分布特点如下：刺鲳、带鱼、海鳗、日本红娘鱼、日本方头鱼等的主要渔场分布在80-100m水深海域;黑鲮蟓、真鲷、鲐鱼、高体若鳕等的主要渔场分布在100-200m水深海域;而竹笑鱼、条尾鲱鲤、短鳍红娘鱼等则在整个调查海域都有分布,属于分布范围广的种类。  相似文献   

Characterization of the infralittoral system along the north-east Spanish coast based on sport shore-based fishing tournament catches     

Ana Gordoa 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2009

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