Winter distribution of euphausiids (Euphausiacea) in the Barents Sea (2000–2005)     

Natalia G. Zhukova  Valentina N. Nesterova  Irina P. Prokopchuk  Galina B. Rudneva 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(21-22):1959

The purpose of the study is to analyze the state of the Barents Sea euphausiids populations in the warm period (2000–2005) based on the study of their structure dynamics and distribution under the influence of abiotic and biotic factors. For estimation of their aggregations in the bottom layer, the traditional method was used with the help of the modified egg net (0.2 m² opening area, 564 μm mesh size). The net is used for collecting euphausiids in the autumn–winter period when their activity is reduced, which results in high-catch efficiency. The findings confirmed the major formation patterns of the euphausiids species composition associated with climate change in the Arctic basin. As before, in the warm years, one can see a clear-cut differentiation of space distribution of the dominant euphausiids Thysanoessa genus with localization of the more thermophilic Thysanoessa inermis in the north-west Barents Sea and Thysanoessa raschii in the east. The major euphausiids aggregations are formed of these species. In 2004, the first data of euphausiids distribution in the northern Barents Sea (77–79°N) were obtained, and demonstrated extremely high concentrations of T. inermis in this area, with the biomass as high as 1.7–2.4 g m⁻² in terms of dry weight. These data have improved our knowledge of the distribution and euphausiids abundance during periods of elevated sea-water temperatures in the Barents Sea. The oceanic Atlantic species were found to increase in abundance due to elevated advection to the Barents Sea during the study period. Thus, after nearly a 30-year-long absence of the moderate subtropical Nematoscelis megalops in the Barents Sea, they were found again in 2003–2005. However in comparison with 1960, the north-east border of its distribution considerably shifted to 73°50′N 50°22′E. The portion of Meganyctiphanes norvegica also varied considerably—from 10% to 20% of the total euphausiids population in the warm 1950s–1960s almost to complete disappearing in 1970–1990s. The peak of this species’ occurrence (18–26%) took place in the beginning of warm period (1999–2000) after a succession of cold years. The subsequent reduction of the relative abundance of M. norvegica to 7% might have been mostly caused by fish predation during a period of low population densities of capelin. This high predation pressure may therefore have been mediated both by other pelagic fishes (i.e. herring, blue whiting, polar cod) but also by demersal fishes such as cod and haddock. Similar sharp fluctuations in the capelin stock (the major consumer of euphausiids) created marked perturbations in the food web in the Barents Sea in the middle 1980s and the early 1990s.  相似文献   

Mapping spatial variation in demersal fish species diversity and composition in the North Sea: accounting for species- and size-related catchability in survey trawls     

Fraser  Helen M.; Greenstreet  Simon P. R.; Fryer  Rob J.; Piet  Gerjan J. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2008,65(4):531-538

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Species diversity and population status of threatened plants in different landscape elements of the Rohtang Pass,western Himalaya     

K. N. Singh  Gopichand  Amit Kumar  Brij Lal  N. P. Todaria 《山地科学学报》2008,5(1):73-83

This paper highlights the quantitative estimates of plant species diversity and ecosystems of the Rohtang Pass,which is one of the most preferred visiting spots by tourists in Himachal Pradesh （H.P.）,India. In spite of high pressure of anthropogenic activities,the Rohtang Pass still harbours a variety of flowering plants with economic value,including various medicinal herbs. In order to observe species diversity in different landscape elements （LSEs）,ground surveys were conducted in nine unique LSEs within the elevation range between 3624 m and 4332 m. Plant community structure in each LSE was studied using stratified random sampling where a total 56 quadrats of 1 m^2 in size for herbs and 7 quadrats of 25 m^2 for shrubs were made. Of the total 50 plant species belonging to 15 families recorded in different random quadrats,24 species were found of medicinal value. Maximum species richness （18） and value of Shannon diversity （H＇=2.2648） were observed on northeast-facing slope in Picrorhiza kurrooa dominated LSE in moist area,followed by Rheum emodi LSE （species richness = 17 and H＇ = 2.4141） distributed on south-facing slope. Maximum values of species richness and Shannon diversity in Rheum emodi LSE were observed between 8 ～ 12 and 1.4797 ～ 2.1911,respectively. Rhododendron anthopogon dominated LSE on northwest-facing slope was found least diverse in terms of species richness where the Simpson index of dominance （D） was 0.4205. The species were equal in abundance in P. kurrooa LSE on east-facing slope and Pleurospermum candollii LSE on north-facing slope,showing the maximum similarity in terms of species distribution between the two LSEs. Low turnover of species across common LSEs gives an idea regarding their limited distribution. Five species of threatened category according to the IUCN criteria were observed in seven LSEs. The largest population of threatened medicinal plants was recorded on northeast and northwest-facing slopes where population density of Bergenia stracheyi （  相似文献   

东海大陆架海域经济蟹类种类组成和数量分布   总被引：16，自引：1，他引：16  

俞存根  宋海棠  姚光展  吕华庆 《海洋与湖沼》2006,37(1):53-60

根据1998年5月、8月、11月和1999年2月东海区虾蟹类资源调查结果,用重量资源密度作为经济蟹类数量分布的数量指标,对东海区经济蟹类的种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势以及数量与环境的关系作了定量分析。结果表明,在东海调查海区,经济蟹类主要有细点圆趾蟹Ovalipes punctatus、三疣梭子蟹Portunus trituberculatus、日本蟳Charybdis japonica、锈斑蟳Charybdis feriatus、武士蟳Charybdis miles、光掌蟳Charybdis riversandersoni和红星梭子蟹Portunus sanguinolentus等。经济蟹类渔获量约占蟹类总渔获量的62.8%,渔获量的季节变化明显,年间有二个汛期,一个出现在春夏季,以细点圆趾蟹为主要捕捞对象,兼捕光掌蟳、日本蟳等,渔场的主体分布在东海北部近海,渔场范围较小,蟹群集中,是捕捞生产条件较为理想的渔场;另一个出现在秋冬季,以三疣梭子蟹为主要捕捞对象,兼捕武士蟳、日本蟳、锈斑蟳、红星梭子蟹等。高生物量分布区主要出现在长江口、大沙、舟山渔场20—60m水深海域,是东海三疣梭子蟹和日本蟳的主要渔场,该渔场也是捕捞条件较为理想的渔场。在长江口以南的东海南部海域也有经济蟹类的较高生物量分布区,是武士蟳和锈斑蟳的渔场,该渔场具有范围较大,蟹群较分散的特征,所捕捞的品种往往只能作为兼捕对象。  相似文献   

Applicability of Single and Sequential Extractions for Assessing the Potential Mobility of Heavy Metals in Contaminated Soils     

J. Thming  W. Calmano 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(6):338-343

Heavy metal polluted sites are bearing an acute hazardous risk for the groundwater, but also a potential one. While the acute risk can be assessed directly via seepage water measurements, determination of the potential risk is much more complex. It results from the sum of all reactions that are capable to mobilize heavy metals under worst case environ-mental conditions. Using a fourfold sequential extraction (SE₄) such a worst case was simulated for four soils highly contaminated with Pb, Zn, and Cu. The resulting potential mobilizable amounts ϕ_pm have been compared with those derived from 6 single extractions. By means of variance analyses, it is shown that ϕ_pm of lead can be represented by a single extraction with NH₂OH. In contrary, ϕ_pm of zinc can be represented using the pH_stat test or an extraction with aqua regia, while ϕ_pm of copper can be represented only by aqua regia extraction. The water-soluble amounts deriving from the DEV-S4 test do not correlate with the potential mobilizable amounts of any metal. Therefore, an assessment of contaminated sites should include an aqua regia extraction additionally to the seepage water analysis.  相似文献   

Alpine Ecosystems of Northwest Yunnan, China： an Initial Assessment for Conservation   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Ruth Sherman Renee Mullen LI Haomin FANG Zhendong WANG Yi 《山地科学学报》2007,4(3):181-192

Implementing conservation actions on-the-ground is not a straightforward process,especially when faced with high scientific uncertainty due to limited available information. This is especially acute in regions of the world that harbor many unique species that have not been well studied,such as the alpine zone of the Hengduan Mountains of Northwest Yunnan (NWY),a global biodiversity hotspot and site of The Nature Conservancy’s Yunnan Great Rivers Project. We conducted a quantitative,but rapid regional-level assessment of the alpine flora across NWY to provide a broad-based understanding of local and regional patterns of the alpine flora,the first large-scale analysis of alpine biodiversity patterns in this region. Multivariate analyses were used to classify the major plant community types and link community patterns to habitat variables. Our analysis indicated that most species had small distributions and/or small population sizes. Strong patterns emerged with higher diversity in the more northern mountains,but beta diversity was high,averaging only 10% among sites. The ordinations indicated that elevation and geographic location were the dominant environ-mental gradients underlying the differences in the species composition among communities. The high beta diversity across the alpine of these mountains implies that conservation strategies ultimately will require the protection of large numbers of species over a large geographical area. However,prioritiza-tion should be given to areas where potential payoffs are greatest. Sites with high species richness also have a greater number of endemic species,and,by focusing efforts on these sites,conservation investments would be maximized by protecting the greatest number of unique species.  相似文献   

Capturing the fugitive: Applying remote sensing to terrestrial animal distribution and diversity     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2007,9(1):1-20

Amongst many ongoing initiatives to preserve biodiversity, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment again shows the importance to slow down the loss of biological diversity. However, there is still a gap in the overview of global patterns of species distributions. This paper reviews how remote sensing has been used to assess terrestrial faunal diversity, with emphasis on proxies and methodologies, while exploring prospective challenges for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. We grouped and discussed papers dealing with the faunal taxa mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and invertebrates into five classes of surrogates of animal diversity: (1) habitat suitability, (2) photosynthetic productivity, (3) multi-temporal patterns, (4) structural properties of habitat, and (5) forage quality. It is concluded that the most promising approach for the assessment, monitoring, prediction, and conservation of faunal diversity appears to be the synergy of remote sensing products and auxiliary data with ecological biodiversity models, and a subsequent validation of the results using traditional observation techniques.  相似文献   

胶州湾水母类生态研究Ⅰ.种类组成与群落特征   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6  

张芳  孙松  杨波 《海洋与湖沼》2005,36(6):507-517

根据2003年5月-2004年9月胶州湾浮游生物浅水Ⅰ型网中水母的调查资料,分析了胶州湾水母类的种类组成和群落特征.共记录水母34种,其中水螅水母类31种,管母类2种,钵水母类1种,属胶州湾首次报道的有3种;订正并列出了到目前为止的胶州湾水母种属目录,累计共60种,其中水螅水母类52种,管水母3种,钵水母4种,栉水母1种.分析其群落特征结果表明,全年共有9种优势种,各月份水母的优势种类不尽相同,薮枝螅水母和半球美螅水母为春季和夏季的主要优势种,五角水母为秋季的主要优势种,八斑芮氏水母为冬季的主要优势种;水母的总丰度在调查时期内有3个高峰,分别为2003年6、9月份、2004年3月份,3月份作为最高峰丰度高达120.42ind/m^3;总种类数以2003年5、6月份为最多,共14种;1年中,5-11月份的群落多样性指数较12-4月份高;2003年12月到2004年3月各月优势种到下个月的更替基本是完全的（更替率为100%）,其它月份优势种的更替或者部分更替（0〈更替率〈100%）,或者没有更替（更替率为0）.本文中作者对80年代以来水母类的优势种、总种数及总丰度的变化进行了讨论,总种数比90年代有所增加,但未达到1984、1985年的水平;水母的总丰度水平也较80、90年代要高.本文中作者把胶州湾水母生态类群分为近岸低盐生态类型和大洋暖水性生态类型.  相似文献   

The impact of spatial scale: exploring urban butterfly abundance and richness patterns using multi-criteria decision analysis and principal component analysis     

Emily C. Hazell  Claus Rinner 《International journal of geographical information science》2020,34(8):1648-1681

ABSTRACT

Modelling changes in biodiversity have become a necessary component of smart urban planning practices. However, concepts such as biodiversity are often evaluated using area-based composite indices, the results of which are heavily reliant on specific parameters chosen. This paper explores the design and implementation of a butterfly biodiversity index by comparing two widely accepted modelling techniques: principal component analysis and spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). A high degree of scale dependency has been demonstrated in previous studies exploring the use of area-based composite measures. To evaluate the impact of scale, each model was assessed at two different spatial resolutions. The outcomes were analyzed, mapped and compared using ordinary least squares, geographically weighted regression and global Moran’s I to evaluate relative biodiversity patterns across the City of Toronto, Canada. Findings indicate that the impact of spatial scale was significant, whereby the coarser resolution models were found to be more highly correlated with biodiversity, compared to the finer resolution models. The results of this study contribute to a growing body of literature that explores key conceptual questions regarding the robustness of GIS-based MCDA, the impact of scale in urban ecology studies, and the use of composite indices to manage spatial ecological data.  相似文献   

Deep-sea benthic megafaunal habitat suitability modelling: A global-scale maximum entropy model for xenophyophores     

《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2014

Xenophyophores are a group of exclusively deep-sea agglutinating rhizarian protozoans, at least some of which are foraminifera. They are an important constituent of the deep-sea megafauna that are sometimes found in sufficient abundance to act as a significant source of habitat structure for meiofaunal and macrofaunal organisms. This study utilised maximum entropy modelling (Maxent) and a high-resolution environmental database to explore the environmental factors controlling the presence of Xenophyophorea and two frequently sampled xenophyophore species that are taxonomically stable: Syringammina fragilissima and Stannophyllum zonarium. These factors were also used to predict the global distribution of each taxon. Areas of high habitat suitability for xenophyophores were highlighted throughout the world׳s oceans, including in a large number of areas yet to be suitably sampled, but the Northeast and Southeast Atlantic Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea, the Red Sea and deep-water regions of the Malay Archipelago represented particular hotspots. The two species investigated showed more specific habitat requirements when compared to the model encompassing all xenophyophore records, perhaps in part due to the smaller number and relatively more clustered nature of the presence records available for modelling at present. The environmental variables depth, oxygen parameters, nitrate concentration, carbon-chemistry parameters and temperature were of greatest importance in determining xenophyophore distributions, but, somewhat surprisingly, hydrodynamic parameters were consistently shown to have low importance, possibly due to the paucity of well-resolved global hydrodynamic datasets. The results of this study (and others of a similar type) have the potential to guide further sample collection, environmental policy, and spatial planning of marine protected areas and industrial activities that impact the seafloor, particularly those that overlap with aggregations of these conspicuously large single-celled eukaryotes.  相似文献