Acoustic backscatter by schools of adult Atlantic mackerel     

Gorska  Natalia; Korneliussen  Rolf J.; Ona  Egil 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》2007,64(6):1145-1151

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Pb and rare earth element diffusion in xenotime   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

D.J. Cherniak   《Lithos》2006,88(1-4):1-14

Diffusion of Pb and the rare earth elements Sm, Dy and Yb have been characterized in synthetic xenotime under dry conditions. The synthetic xenotime was grown via a Na₂CO₃–MoO₃ flux method. The sources of diffusant for the rare earth diffusion experiments were REE phosphate powders, with experiments run using sources containing a single REE. For Pb, the source consisted a mixture of YPO₄ and PbTiO₃. Experiments were performed by placing source and xenotime in Pt capsules, and annealing capsules in 1 atm furnaces for times ranging from 30 min to several weeks, at temperatures from 1000 to 1500 °C. The REE and Pb distributions in the xenotime were profiled by Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS).The following Arrhenius relations are obtained for diffusion in xenotime, normal to (101):Diffusivities among the REE do not differ greatly in xenotime over the investigated temperature range, in contrast to findings for the REE in zircon [Cherniak, D.J., Hanchar, J.M., Watson, E.B., 1997. Rare earth diffusion in zircon. Chem. Geol. 134, 289–301.], where the LREE diffuse more slowly, and with higher activation energies for diffusion, than the heavier rare earths. In zircon, these differences among diffusion of the rare earths are attributed to the relatively large size of the REE with respect to Zr, for which they likely substitute in the zircon lattice. With the systematic increase in ionic radius from the heavy to lighter REE, this size mismatch becomes more pronounced and diffusivities of the LREE are as consequence slower. Although xenotime is isostructural with zircon, the REE are more closely matched in size to Y, so in xenotime this effect appears much smaller and the REE diffuse at similar rates. In addition, the process of diffusion in xenotime likely involves simple REE^+ 3 → Y^+ 3 exchange, without charge compensation as needed for REE^+ 3 → Zr^+ 4 exchange in zircon. This latter factor may also contribute to the large activation energies for diffusion of the REE in zircon (i.e., 691–841 kJ mol^− 1, [Cherniak, D.J., Hanchar, J.M., Watson, E.B., 1997. Rare earth diffusion in zircon. Chem. Geol. 134, 289–301.]), in comparison with those for xenotime.For Pb, the following Arrhenius relation is obtained (also normal to (101)):These measurements suggest that Pb diffusion in xenotime is quite slow, even slower than Pb diffusion in monazite and zircon, and considerably slower than diffusion of the REE in xenotime. Xenotime may therefore be even more retentive of Pb isotope signatures than either monazite or zircon in cases where Pb isotopes are altered solely by volume diffusion. However, because the activation energy for Pb diffusion in xenotime is lower than those for monazite and zircon, Pb diffusion may be somewhat faster at many temperatures of geologic interest in xenotime than in monazite or zircon.  相似文献   

多波束声纳图像整体灰度不均匀及中央波束区反射异常校正方法     

张会娟  阳凡林  李峰  董春敏 《全球定位系统》2012,37(1):25-27,31

多波束声纳图像多条带之间存在灰度不均匀,中央波束区反向散射强度数据存在异常,不利于进一步利用回波数据。论述了多波束声纳图像整体灰度不均匀的产生原因以及中央波束区反向散射强度异常的主要因素。对声纳图像灰度不均衡进行了有效改正,鉴于中央波束区数据的特点给出了对中央波束区的反向散射异常数据的改正方法。  相似文献   

High-resolution observations of aggregate flux during a sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Nathan Briggs  Mary Jane PerryIvona Cetini?  Craig LeeEric D'Asaro  Amanda M. GrayEric Rehm 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2011,58(10):1031-1039

An aggregate flux event was observed by ship and by four underwater gliders during the 2008 sub-polar North Atlantic spring bloom experiment (NAB08). At the height of the diatom bloom, aggregates were observed as spikes in measurements of both particulate backscattering coefficient (b_bp) and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Optical sensors on the ship and gliders were cross-calibrated through a series of simultaneous profiles, and b_bp was converted to particulate organic carbon. The aggregates sank as a discrete pulse, with an average sinking rate of ∼75 m d⁻¹; 65% of aggregate backscattering and 90% of chlorophyll fluorescence content was lost between 100 m and 900 m. Mean aggregate organic carbon flux at 100 m in mid-May was estimated at 514 mg C m⁻² d⁻¹, consistent with independent flux estimates. The use of optical spikes observed from gliders provides unprecedented coupled vertical and temporal resolution measurements of an aggregate flux event.  相似文献   

水体后向散射系数校正方法研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

宋庆君  唐军武  马荣华 《海洋技术学报》2008,27(1):48-52

后向散射系数是水色反演半分析模型的重要参数,后向散射系数的测量与分析是固有光学测量与分析的重要组成部分。为了更准确的获得后向散射系数数据,根据不同的实际测量情况提出了两种后向散射系数数据的校正方法,即利用散射与后向散射系数模型计算的散射系数替代法和实测数据替代法。结果表明这两种方法在比传统的数据校正方法有明显的优势,是一种符合水体剖面固有光学特性规律的数据校正方法。  相似文献   

水体颗粒后向散射系数测量一致性对比实验研究          下载免费PDF全文

张翾  何贤强  龚芳  朱乾坤 《海洋学研究》2021,39(1):1-8

颗粒后向散射系数是水体最重要的固有光学参量之一,也是海洋水色卫星遥感的核心参数。现场准确测量水体颗粒后向散射数据,对于水色遥感模型构建以及水色遥感产品真实性检验至关重要。本文针对常用的3种水体颗粒后向散射系数原位测量仪(HydroScat6,VSF3和BB9),通过比测实验,对三者测量结果的一致性进行了比较分析。结果表明,在清洁水体中3种仪器对颗粒后向散射系数测量具有较好的一致性;但在浑浊水体中,HydroScat6和BB9测量值会比VSF3高,三者偏差显著增大。同时,数值模拟和实验结果均表明,颗粒形状会对测量结果产生影响,3种仪器对球形颗粒的后向散射系数测量结果的一致性显著好于野外颗粒结果。  相似文献   

Permafrost environment monitoring on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using time series ASAR images     

《International Journal of Digital Earth》2013,6(10):840-860

The permafrost in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) has long been the focus of many researchers. In this study, we first use the method that integrates synthetic aperture radar (SAR) intensity and phase information to monitor permafrost environment in the Beiluhe Region, using time series advanced SAR images. The backscattering coefficients (σ⁰) and deformation were extracted for the main features, and the influences of meteorological conditions to them were also quantified. The results show that both the change in σ⁰ and surface deformation are closely related to the active layer, and the deformation is also affected by the permafrost table. First, over meadow and sparse vegetation regions, σ⁰ rose about 6.9 and 4 dB from the freezing to thawing period, respectively, which can be mainly attributed to the thaw of the active layer and increased precipitation. Second, seasonal deformation, derived from the freeze-thaw cycle of the active layer, was characteristic of frost heave and thaw settlement and exhibited a negative correlation with air temperature. Its magnitude was larger than 1 cm in a seasonal cycle. Last, significant secular settlement was observed, with rates ranging from –16 to 2 mm/a, and it was primarily due to the thaw of the permafrost table caused by climate warming.  相似文献   

Coupling two radar backscattering models to assess soil roughness and surface water content at farm scale     

F. Capodici  A. Maltese  G. Ciraolo  G. La Loggia  G. D’Urso 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(8):1677-1689

Abstract

Remote sensing techniques are useful for agro-hydrological monitoring at the farm scale because the availability of spatially and temporally distributed data improves agricultural models for irrigation and crop yield optimization under water scarcity conditions. This research focuses on the surface water content retrieval using active microwave data. Two semi-empirical models were chosen as these showed the best performances in simulating cross and co-polarized backscatter. Thus, these models were coupled to obtain reliable assessments of both soil water content and soil roughness. The use of the coupled model enables one to avoid using roughness measured in situ. Remote sensing images and in situ data were collected between April and July 2006 within the European Space Agency-funded project AgriSAR 2006. The images data set includes L-band in HH, VV and VH polarizations acquired from the airborne E-SAR sensor, operated by the German Aerospace Centre. Results were validated using in situ soil water content and roughness measurements. The results show that reliable assessment of both soil roughness (r ² up to ?0.8) and soil water content (r ² ? 0.9) can be retrieved in fields characterized by low fractional coverage.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor C. Onof

Citation Capodici, F., Maltese, A., Ciraolo, G., La Loggia, G., and D’Urso, G., 2013. Coupling two radar backscattering models to assess soil roughness and surface water content at the farm scale. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (8), 1677–1689.  相似文献   

ERS风散射计反演地表参数——一种混合像元方法     

陈权 《测绘信息与工程》2006,31(4):45-46

基于混合像元的方法,利用ERS风散射计(WSC)数据估算植被覆盖率和同时期NDVI有较高的相关性(0.78),计算出的垂直入射菲涅耳反射系数的空间分布状况也比较合理。  相似文献   

基于ENVISAT ASAR数据的森林蓄积量估测研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

朱海珍  庞勇  杨飞  李艳华 《地理与地理信息科学》2007,23(2):51-55

以东北大兴安岭地区的图强林业局作为试验区,基于统计方法对多时相ENVISAT ASAR数据进行森林蓄积量估测研究,分别选取HH、HV及HV/HH值分析森林蓄积量与SAR后向散射系数之间的关系;根据其散点图形状进行方程拟合及优选,完成蓄积量的估测。利用独立的检验样本对估测结果进行评价,均方根误差(RMSE)为16.526 m3/hm2,与实际情况基本相符。  相似文献