Machine learning classifiers for attributing tephra to source volcanoes: an evaluation of methods for Alaska tephras     

Matthew S. M. Bolton  Britta J. L. Jensen  Kristi Wallace  Nore Praet  David Fortin  Darrell Kaufman  Marc De Batist 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(1-2):81-92

Glass composition-based correlations of volcanic ash (tephra) traditionally rely on extensive manual plotting. Many previous statistical methods for testing correlations are limited by using geochemical means, masking diagnostic variability. We suggest that machine learning classifiers can expedite correlation, quickly narrowing the list of likely candidates using well-trained models. Eruptives from Alaska's Aleutian Arc-Alaska Peninsula and Wrangell volcanic field were used as a test environment for 11 supervised classification algorithms, trained on nearly 2000 electron probe microanalysis measurements of glass major oxides, representing 10 volcanic sources. Artificial neural networks and random forests were consistently among the top-performing learners (accuracy and kappa > 0.96). Their combination as an average ensemble effectively improves their performance. Using this combined model on tephras from Eklutna Lake, south-central Alaska, showed that predictions match traditional methods and can speed correlation. Although classifiers are useful tools, they should aid expert analysis, not replace it. The Eklutna Lake tephras are mostly from Redoubt Volcano. Besides tephras from known Holocene-active sources, Holocene tephra geochemically consistent with Pleistocene Emmons Lake Volcanic Center (Dawson tephra), but from a yet unknown source, is evident. These tephras are mostly anchored by a highly resolved varved chronology and represent new important regional stratigraphic markers.  相似文献   

国家速滑馆动态高精度施工测量关键技术及应用     

李久林  徐浩  唐超 《测绘通报》2021,(8):123-128,165

国家速滑馆建筑结构在空间上的不规则性、多样性、复杂性及超大规模给施工测量带来较大的难度,因此,加强对动态高精度测量技术的研究和应用,是实现施工过程各专业、各环节高精度搭接的重要基础。国家速滑馆动态高精度施工测量关键技术解决了不均匀作用力下大跨度马鞍形索网同步张拉困难的技术难题;突破了特大异形柔性结构屋顶预制、安装和调控精密测量关键技术,实现了精密工程测量从静态到动态、离散到连续的转变;形成了模型驱动的一测多用高密度网状排管表观形态高效测量新方法;解决了受阻或封闭环境长距离连续面超高精度地坪标高测量难题,有效指导了施工作业,为2022年冬奥会速滑项目的开展提供了保障。  相似文献   

Importance of volcanic glass alteration to sediment stabilization: offshore Japan     

RUSSELL J. WHITE  GLENN A. SPINELLI  PETER S. MOZLEY  NELIA W. DUNBAR 《Sedimentology》2011,58(5):1138-1154

A minor amount (ca 1 wt%) of amorphous silica cement sourced from volcanic glass inhibits consolidation of hemipelagic sediment approaching the Nankai Trough subduction zone throughout the Shikoku Basin. The distribution and nature of the cement were examined via secondary and backscattered electron imaging. The amorphous silica occurs as altered material in contact with volcanic glass, coating grains (including grain contacts) and filling pores. Based on chemical and petrographic evidence, the cement is probably sourced from volcanic glass; this is in contrast to a previous suggestion that this silica cement is sourced dominantly from biogenic silica. Amorphous silica sourced from disseminated volcanic glass shards has the ability to form a thin coating on clay‐dominated sediment throughout the Shikoku Basin. Measured amorphous silica content in hemipelagic sediments suggests that the cementing process is active throughout the Shikoku Basin (at sites separated by >500 km). The cementation process may occur in other locations where sediment containing hydrated disseminated volcanic glass is buried sufficiently for heat to facilitate alteration (i.e. Central America, Cascadia and the Gulf of Alaska).  相似文献   

玄武岩玻璃的电子探针分析   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0  

孙志华  刘开平  刘民武 《岩矿测试》2011,30(4):446-450

将电子探针分析技术应用于检测玄武岩玻璃中的SiO2、CaO、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、K2O、TiO2、Na2O、P2O5。为了快速、准确地测定硅酸盐样品元素含量,文章针对硅酸盐样品特性,系统地调整了多种测试条件,通过结果对比得到测定硅酸盐样品最佳的实验条件。结果表明,在测试含量较低的元素时,晶体应尽可能选取灵敏度较高的小晶体;所测元素的特征波长尽可能靠近晶体测试范围的中间波段;在测试含量较低的元素以及含有易迁移的元素时,加大加速电压以及发射电流可以提高低含量元素的准确性;对含有易迁移元素的样品尽可能采用大束斑进行测试;对所含元素较多,且原子序数差别较大的样品,应采用PRZ修正方法进行修正。  相似文献   

人造硼铝酸锶的宝石学特征研究     

温纪如  康霞  王蕾蕾 《甘肃地质》2011,(3):80-83

市场上大量出现的新型强磷光材料——人造硼铝酸锶,被广泛应用于雕刻艺术品,制造各种首饰和夜明珠等产品。本文通过系统测试研究得知,该种材料的主要矿物组成为微晶铝酸锶和玻璃相的氧化硼,只有合成时在特定的煅烧温度（1 300℃）和时间控制（3h）下,形成的材料才具有长余辉特征。因在自然界中尚未发现与其对应的晶质或非晶质体,所以...  相似文献   

Determination of Reference Values for NIST SRM 610–617 Glasses Following ISO Guidelines     

Klaus Peter Jochum  Ulrike Weis  Brigitte Stoll  Dmitry Kuzmin  Qichao Yang  Ingrid Raczek  Dorrit E. Jacob  Andreas Stracke  Karin Birbaum  Daniel A. Frick  Detlef Günther  Jacinta Enzweiler 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2011,35(4):397-429

We present new reference values for the NIST SRM 610–617 glasses following ISO guidelines and the International Association of Geoanalysts’ protocol. Uncertainties at the 95% confidence level (CL) have been determined for bulk‐ and micro‐analytical purposes. In contrast to former compilation procedures, this approach delivers data that consider present‐day requirements of data quality. New analytical data and the nearly complete data set of the GeoReM database were used for this study. Data quality was checked by the application of the Horwitz function and by a careful investigation of analytical procedures. We have determined quantitatively possible element inhomogeneities using different test portion masses of 1, 0.1 and 0.02 μg. Although avoiding the rim region of the glass wafers, we found moderate inhomogeneities of several chalcophile/siderophile elements and gross inhomogeneities of Ni, Se, Pd and Pt at small test portion masses. The extent of inhomogeneity was included in the determination of uncertainties. While the new reference values agree with the NIST certified values with the one exception of Mn in SRM 610, they typically differ by as much as 10% from the Pearce et al. (1997) values in current use. In a few cases (P, S, Cl, Ta, Re) the discrepancies are even higher.  相似文献   

Assessment of Nanosecond Laser Ablation Multi‐Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry for Pb and Sr Isotopic Determination in Archaeological Glass: Mass Bias Correction Strategies and Results for Corning Glass Reference Materials          下载免费PDF全文

Alicia Van Ham‐Meert  Stepan M. Chernonozhkin  Stijn J.M. Van Malderen  Thibaut Van Acker  Frank Vanhaecke  Patrick Degryse 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2018,42(2):223-238

This work presents an evaluation of various methods for in situ high‐precision Sr and Pb isotopic determination in archaeological glass (containing 100–500 μg g^?1 target element) by nanosecond laser ablation multi‐collector‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ns‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS). A set of four soda‐lime silicate glasses, Corning A–D, mimicking the composition of archaeological glass and produced by the Corning Museum of Glass (Corning, New York, USA), were investigated as candidates for matrix‐matched reference materials for use in the analysis of archaeological glass. Common geological reference materials with known isotopic compositions (USGS basalt glasses BHVO‐2G, GSE‐1G and NKT‐1G, soda‐lime silicate glass NIST SRM 610 and several archaeological glass samples with known Sr isotopic composition) were used to evaluate the ns‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS analytical procedures. When available, ns‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS results for the Corning glasses are reported. These were found to be in good agreement with results obtained via pneumatic nebulisation (pn) MC‐ICP‐MS after digestion of the glass matrix and target element isolation. The presence of potential spectral interference from doubly charged rare earth element (REE) ions affecting Sr isotopic determination was investigated by admixing Er and Yb aerosols by means of pneumatic nebulisation into the gas flow from the laser ablation system. It was shown that doubly charged REE ions affect the Sr isotope ratios, but that this could be circumvented by operating the instrument at higher mass resolution. Multiple strategies to correct for instrumental mass discrimination in ns‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS and the effects of relevant interferences were evaluated. Application of common glass reference materials with basaltic matrices for correction of ns‐LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS isotope data of archaeological glasses results in inaccurate Pb isotope ratios, rendering application of matrix‐matched reference materials indispensable. Correction for instrumental mass discrimination using the exponential law, with the application of Tl as an internal isotopic standard element introduced by pneumatic nebulisation and Corning D as bracketing isotopic calibrator, provided the most accurate results for Pb isotope ratio measurements in archaeological glass. Mass bias correction relying on the power law, combined with intra‐element internal correction, assuming a constant ⁸⁸Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio, yielded the most accurate results for ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr determination in archaeological glasses  相似文献   

蓝晶石矿中氟钠镁铝硅铁钛钾钙元素的X射线荧光光谱分析   总被引：6，自引：6，他引：0  

王梅英  李鹏程  李艳华  李莹  王留芳  陈静 《岩矿测试》2013,32(6):909-914

蓝晶石的分析通常采用碱熔体系,重量、容量、比色、原子吸收光谱法、离子选择电极法等多种分析手段进行单独测定,对含有刚玉、金红石矿物的难熔性蓝晶石样品,这种分析方法常因熔矿不完全而导致测定结果偏低,而且分析手续冗长,操作复杂,不能满足地质测试的需要。本文采用玻璃熔融法制样,建立了X射线荧光光谱法同时测定蓝晶石矿中F、Na、Mg、Al、Si、Fe、Ti等主量元素的分析方法。以不同矿种的标准物质和自制含多种矿物组分的蓝晶石管理样拟合校准曲线,对玻璃熔融法的稀释比、熔矿温度及对F元素的影响因素等测定条件进行优化,确定选择样品与四硼酸锂-偏硼酸锂混合熔剂的稀释比为1:10,在1050℃温度下实际样品熔矿完全,各元素的分析结果与化学分析法的测定值基本吻合。方法检出限小于0.05%,方法精密度(RSD, n=7)小于4.5%。本法操作简单,重现性好,准确可靠,解决了难熔样品的熔矿问题,同时也很好地解决了传统方法费时、耗材、不能同时测定多元素的问题。  相似文献   

Experimental study on weathering of seafloor volcanic glass by bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) – Implications for the contribution of bacteria to the water–rock reaction at the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting     

《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2014

The biologically mediated weathering of the ocean crust has received increasing attention in recent decades, but the rates and the possible mechanism of elemental release during microbe–basalt interactions occurring below the seafloor have not been studied in detail. In this study, we established an experimental weathering study of seafloor natural basaltic glass comparing the effect of microbial activity (Pseudomonas fluorescens) in P-rich and P-poor media with parallel controls containing either nonviable cells or organic acid. The changes in the chemical parameters, including pH, bacterial densities, and ion concentrations (Ca, Mg, Si, Mn, Al, Fe, and P) in the solution, were examined during the different batch experiments. The results showed that the pH decreased from 7.0 to 3.5 and the bacterial density increased from 10⁵ to 10⁸ cells/ml during the first 120 h, and the cell numbers remained constant at 10⁸ cells/ml and the pH increased from 3.5 to 6 between 120 h and 864 h in the P-bearing reactors containing bacteria. In contrast, during all the experimental time, the pH remained close to neutral condition in the abiotic control systems and the dissolution rates increased markedly with a decrease in pH and became minimal at near-neutral pH in P-bearing reactors containing bacteria, where Ca, Si, and Mg release rates were 2- to 4-fold higher than those obtained in chemical systems and biotic P-limited systems. Furthermore, the surfaces of the natural volcanic glass from the biotic systems were colonized by bacteria. Simultaneously, the etch pits were observed by Scanning Electron Microscope, which further indicate that the bacteria may promote the mineral dissolution for energy gain. Some elements (e.g., Fe, Mn, and Al) releasing from natural volcanic glass are likely an important source of the elemental budget in the ocean, and thus the element release and its possible mechanism conducted in this experimental study have potential implications on the biogeochemical cycling process in the Mid-Oceanic Ridge setting.  相似文献   

Determination of Thallium in the USGS Glass Reference Materials BIR‐1G,BHVO‐2G and BCR‐2G and Application to Quantitative Tl Concentrations by LA‐ICP‐MS     

Sune G. Nielsen  Cin‐Ty A. Lee 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2013,37(3):337-343

Here, we present determinations of thallium (Tl) concentrations in the USGS reference materials BIR‐1G, BHVO‐2G and BCR‐2G measured by solution ICP‐MS. The Tl content in these three glasses spans a range of about 2–230 ng g^?1, which is similar to the values published for the respective powder materials. The determined range of Tl concentrations in these three glass reference materials makes them ideal for investigating Tl concentrations in basaltic and andesitic volcanic glasses. We also performed a series of laser ablation ICP‐MS measurements on the three samples, which show that this technique is able to determine Tl concentrations in glass samples with concentrations as low as 2 ng g^?1.  相似文献