A Vulnerability Interpretation of the Geography of HIV/AIDS in Ghana, 1986–1995     

Joseph R. Oppong 《The Professional geographer》1998,50(4):437-448

Ten years after the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) was first reported in Ghana, it continues to spread throughout the country following patterns that are rare in other African countries. HIV is seen in twice as many females as males, more frequently in rural than urban regions, and regions with high rates of polygamy have significantly lower rates. The evidence presented in this paper shows that HIV diffusion patterns probably reflect the spatial distribution and social networks of vulnerable social groups. While information-based campaigns are still necessary in the fight against HIV/AIDS, they fail to enable or empower vulnerable people to protect themselves against infection.  相似文献   

Development of Seismic Risk Scenarios Based on a Hybrid Method of Vulnerability Assessment   总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6  

Kappos  A. J.  Stylianidis  K. C.  Pitilakis  K. 《Natural Hazards》1998,17(2):177-192

A hybrid methodology of vulnerability analysis is presented, involving elements from both empirical and theoretical methods. A model for correlating analytically calculated structural damage indices to loss (in monetary terms) is also proposed and calibrated against available statistical data. Probability damage matrices derived using this methodology are incorporated into a cost-benefit model tailored to the problem of estimating the feasibility of seismically rehabilitating the existing stock of reinforced concrete buildings in Thessaloniki, Greece. Losses calculated using the suggested procedure are found to be in good agreement with losses incurred during the 1978 Thessaloniki earthquake. The results of the present study also indicate that benefit/cost ratios for reinforced concrete buildings are quite low. Hence, it appears that a pre-earthquake strengthening programme is not economically justifiable.  相似文献   

Identity building and social transformation: the cases of Namibia and Botswana compared     

Fred W. Krüger 《GeoJournal》1998,46(2):79-87

Namibia and Botswana differ from other sub-Saharan nations in their record of stable political performance. However, both countries have to face increasing social problems. In the case of Namibia these are still mainly related to the process of post-apartheid national reconciliation and identity building, in the case of Botswana they refer to issues of growing tribal tensions and of a gradual interior restructuring of society. This paper analyzes the various patterns of social transformation in the two countries and examines in what ways state-society relations are different from other African nations. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

重庆市乡村生产空间系统脆弱性时空分异与差异化调控   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

王成  何焱洲 《地理学报》2020,75(8):1680-1698

脆弱性作为乡村生产空间系统的重要属性,是探讨系统易受负面影响或损害程度的有效度量、解析系统可持续发展趋势的有效途径。以重庆市为研究区,以2007—2017年为研究时段,建立乡村生产空间系统脆弱性评价指标体系和评价模型,以定量测度乡村生产空间系统脆弱性,揭示其时空分异特征,进而划分脆弱性类型并提出差异化调控策略。结果表明:① 乡村生产空间系统脆弱性是系统运行状态的综合度量,包含暴露度、敏感性和适应能力3个要素,其体现了以“人”为核心的乡村多元主体与以“地”为核心的乡村生产空间之间相互影响、相互作用的互动制衡关系。② 乡村生产空间系统暴露度总体呈上升趋势及“局部突出、北高南低”的空间格局特征;敏感性总体呈波动下降趋势及“东高西低”的空间格局特征;适应能力总体呈快速上升趋势及“西高东低”的空间格局特征;脆弱性总体呈下降趋势及“东高西低”的空间格局特征。③ 将重庆市乡村生产空间系统脆弱性划分为适应能力脆弱型、暴露—敏感脆弱型、敏感—适应脆弱型和强综合脆弱型4种类型,并按照“生态优先—分类调控—重点突出—因地施策”原则针对不同类型提出差异化“降脆”策略,以引导乡村生产空间系统可持续发展。  相似文献   

海岛生态环境的脆弱性分析与调控对策   总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7  

冷悦山  孙书贤  王宗灵  张朝晖  周明 《海岸工程》2008,27(2):58-64

海岛是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分，处于海陆相互作用的动力敏感地带，敏感性强，稳定性差，在当前人类活动和频繁的自然灾害等各种动力耦舍的作用下，其生态环境的脆弱性表现出复杂性和多样性的特征。对目前我国海岛生态环境存在的问题进行了分析，指出其脆弱性包括固有脆弱性和特殊脆弱性，并提出可行的海岛生态环境保护与恢复重建的对策，以实现资源环境与社会经济的可持续发展。  相似文献   

岷县地质灾害易损性模糊综合评价     

吴润霖  党星海  周兆叶  周鹏  贾丽奇 《地理空间信息》2021,19(3):86-89,108

岷县地形多变、地貌多样、地质环境复杂,近年来地震、滑坡等地质灾害多发。基于易损性影响因素,结合岷县具体情况,选取人口密度、国内生产总值、公路、房屋、林地和耕地6个指标,以乡镇为基本单元,利用模糊综合评判法构建评价体系,将研究区易损性划分为不同等级。结果表明,高易损性地区占研究区总面积的20.62%,中易损性地区的占比为19.90%,低易损性地区的占比为37.25%,极低易损性地区的占比为22.23%。将易损性结果与地质灾害历史灾害点进行叠加分析发现,中易损性和高易损性地区的历史灾害占灾害总数的50.53%,为岷县防灾减灾工作提供了新的思路和参考。  相似文献   

煤矿开采对地下水的影响及其脆弱性评价   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张伟 《地下水》2010,32(1):13-14

在我国由于煤矿的大量开采,地下水资源的数量和质量受到严重影响,并且破坏了水的动态平衡和生态环境。一方面分析了采矿对地下水的破坏,另一方面通过对地下水的脆弱性评价警示人们在开发利用煤炭资源的同时对地下水资源采取有效的防治保护措施。  相似文献   

浅谈我国的地质灾害风险评估   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐为  胡瑞林  吴菲  温铭生  董颖 《中国地质灾害与防治学报》2010,21(4):126-129

针对我国地质灾害风险评估研究现状,着重讨论了对我国地质灾害风险评估的理解,提出了中国地质灾害风险评估为灾害体易发性、承灾体的易损性、这两者耦合关系评估的结构组成及结构公式,并根据其研究对象、内容、目的等方面情况提出了地质灾害风险评估的完整概念。  相似文献   

大荔县洛河水化学成分的形成机制分析     

刘瑞平  朱桦  亢明仲  焦建刚 《地下水》2010,32(5):10-13

在分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,根据对各类水样资料的研究,发现在洛河下游,对于相对惰性的组分,河水的化学成分由河水与地下水混合形成,并且从水化学的角度验证了在该区段补给河水的那部分地下水主要来自洛河以南的地下水;但对于易发生化学反应的组分,河水在向下游运动的过程中,其化学成分明显受到了化学反应的影响。论文使用Cl^-质量平衡方法,计算出洛河上游河水中地下水的补给比例在20～30％左右,下游地下水补给比例约占70％左右;并且根据研究区的具体条件及矿物饱和指数的计算结果,确定了石膏、方解石的溶解和白云石的沉淀以及碳酸平衡是河水化学成分形成的主要化学作用,通过对化学反应量的计算,恢复了河水与地下水仅发生了简单混合作用的混合水的成分。  相似文献   

A Plan to Push Limits? Investigating the ecologically sustainable development dimensions of Melbourne's Central Region sustainable water strategy     

Fiona Miller  Annie Bolitho  Natalie Jamieson  Charlotte Catmur  Anna Hurlimann  Kathryn Bowen 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(1):19-35

Drawing upon theory from the field of urban political ecology, we analyse a major strategic water plan for Melbourne, Australia—the Sustainable water strategy for the Central Region, published in 2006. We assess the extent to which the strategy identified and addressed ecological sustainability in terms of: cultural frames; ecological context; social equity; and engagement processes. We identify that the strategy's framing of water was largely separate from its social and ecological context. This framing resulted in the importance of issues such as environmental flows, social equity and cultural values being diminished, thus avoiding the inevitable confrontation with environmental limits needed to ensure long-term ecological sustainability. Our analysis shows that the discursive dominance of economics limited the response to persuasive scientific arguments for greater ecological consideration in the strategy. Our findings suggest that broadening engagement with the diverse ways in which water is valued is likely to contribute to more equitable and ecologically sustainable water futures.  相似文献