Palaeomagnetism of the Cretaceous El Way and Coloso Formations From the Northern Chilean Andes     

H. Tanaka  H. Tsunakawa†  K. Amano† 《Geophysical Journal International》1988,95(1):195-203

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Architecture and evolution of the Paine channel complex, Cerro Toro Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Silla Syncline, Magallanes Basin, Chile     

WILLIAM H. CRANE  DONALD R. LOWE 《Sedimentology》2008,55(4):979-1009

The Upper Cretaceous Cerro Toro Formation in the Silla Syncline, Parque Nacional Torres del Paine, Magallanes Basin, Chile, includes over 1100 m of mainly thin‐bedded mud‐rich turbidites containing three thick divisions of coarse conglomerate and sandstone. Facies distributions, stacking patterns and lateral relationships indicate that the coarse‐grained sandstone and conglomerate units represent the fill of a series of large south to south‐east trending deep‐water channels or channel complexes. The middle coarse division, informally named the Paine member, represents the fill of at least three discrete channels or channel complexes, termed Paine A, B and C. The uppermost of these, Paine C, represents a channel belt about 3·5 km wide and its fill displays explicit details of channel geometry, channel margins, and the processes of channel development and evolution. Along its northern margin, Paine C consists of stacked, laterally offset channels, each eroded into fine‐grained mudstone and thin‐bedded sandy turbidites. Along its southern margin, the Paine C complex was bounded by a single, deeply incised but stepped erosional surface. The evolution of the Paine C channel occurred through multiple cycles of activity, each involving: (i) an initial period of channel erosion into underlying fine‐grained sediments; (ii) deposition of coarse‐grained pebble to cobble conglomerate and sandstone within the channel; and (iii) waning of coarse sediment deposition and accumulation of a widespread sheet of fine‐grained, thin‐bedded turbidites inside and outside the channel. The thin‐bedded turbidites deposited within, and adjacent to, the channel along the northern margin of the Paine C complex do not appear to represent levée deposits but, rather, a separate fine‐grained turbidite system that impinged on the Paine C channel from the north. The Cerro Toro channel complex in the Silla Syncline may mark either an early axial zone of the Magallanes Basin or a local slope mini‐basin developed behind a zone of slope faulting and folding now present immediately east of the syncline. If the latter, flows moving downslope toward the basin axis further east were diverted to the south by this developing structural high, deposited part of their coarse sediment loads, and exited the mini‐basin at a point located near the south‐eastern edge of the present Silla Syncline.  相似文献   

Late-glacial and early Holocene lake sediments,ground-water formation and climate in the Atacama Altiplano 22–24°S     

Martin Grosjean  Mebus A. Geyh  Bruno Messerli  Ueli Schotterer 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1995,14(3):241-252

Precipitation rates in the Atacama Altiplano 22–24°S were 400–500 mm yr^–1 during late glacial and early Holocene times as opposed to 200 mm yr^–1 today. This humid phase (Tauca phase) was likely due to strengthened tropical (monsoonal) circulation, which brought continental moisture to the Atacama Altiplano. The lake level of Laguna Lejía (23°30S, 4350 m) at that time was up to 25 m higher than it is today. Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca data from lake sediments show that, what today is a highly saline lake was a freshwater lake at that time. Seasonally-laminated calcareous sediments were deposited between 13 500 and <10 400 yr B.P. indicating the maximum of the humid phase. Climatic changes in the past are important for current groundwater resources.¹⁴C and³H data from lake-, ground- and well water suggest that modern groundwater formation (i.e. water <40 years) in the Altiplano is very limited under current arid conditions. We conclude that significant amounts of the water resources in this area originated during the time of the late-glacial and early Holocene humid climate. Tritium data from snow samples show that the moisture in the Altiplano at 22–24°S is mainly of continental origin, whereas precipitation from the westerlies hardly contributes to the water supply in this area. This precipitation pattern matches the paleodata, and we suggest that current precipitation formation may provide an analogue framework for late-glacial circulation in this area.This is the 3rd in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers.  相似文献   

Magnetic characterization of a retroarc extensional basin: The Loncopué Trough     

《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2019

The Loncopué Trough is a Pliocene to Quaternary extensional basin developed over the hinterland area of the Southern Central Andes. This basin is bounded by two neotectonic extensional fault systems delimiting a narrow topographic low. Previous studies have mostly focused on structural and geochemical aspects of this feature. However, geophysical surveys, aimed to unravel deep structure beneath a thick-younger than 5 My volcanic coverage, are scarce and based their interpretations on low resolution data sets. In this study, we collected new aeromagnetic data with the objective of characterizing the magnetic properties of the crust in the Loncopué Through and nearby zones. Additionally, we analyze the spatial relation between geological structures, volcanic fields and magnetic data. In order to highlight the boundaries of the magnetic sources and calculate the basement depth, we applied derivative techniques and the source parameter imaging. Also, we estimated an effective susceptibility model using the Magnetization Vector Inversion method, which takes into account the combined effects of remanence and induced magnetization. To determine the thermal structure of the area, we calculated the Curie depth points through the spectral analysis technique. From the analysis of magnetic data we were able to characterize the main structures and lineaments associated with this retroarc extensional trough. Notably, only the Loncopué eastern fault system seems to be a crustal-scale tectonic feature, while E-W-, ENE- and ESE-trending lineaments are interpreted as relatively minor structures segmenting the basement. Finally, our susceptibility model, together with the analysis of the Curie point, revealed potential magmatic/hydrothermal reservoirs in the Copahue volcano, and the Codihue and Cajón de Almanza regions that could be connected at depth forming a regional magmatic body.  相似文献   

Space–time rainfall variability in the Paute basin,Ecuadorian Andes     

Rolando Celleri  Patrick Willems  Wouter Buytaert  Jan Feyen 《水文研究》2007,21(24):3316-3327

Despite the importance of mountain ranges as water providers, knowledge of their climate variability is still limited, mostly due to a combination of data scarcity and heterogeneous orography. The tropical Andes share many of the main features of mountain ranges in general, and are subject to several climatic influences that have an effect on rainfall variability. Although studies have addressed the large-scale variation, the basin scale has received little attention. Thus, the purpose of this study was to obtain a better understanding of rainfall variability in the tropical Andes at the basin scal, utilizing the Paute River basin of southern Ecuador as a case study. Analysis of 23 rainfall stations revealed a high spatial variability in terms of: (i) large variations of mean annual precipitation in the range 660–3400 mm; (ii) the presence of a non-monotonic relation between annual precipitation and elevation; and (iii) the existence of four, sometimes contrasting, rainfall regimes. Data from seven stations for the period 1964–1998 was used to study seasonality and trends in annual, seasonal and monthly precipitation. Seasonality is less pronounced at higher elevations, confirming that in the páramo region, the main water source for Andean basins, rainfall is well distributed year round. Additionally, during the period of record, no station has experienced extreme concentrations of annual rainfall during the wet season, which supports the concept of mountains as reliable water providers. Although no regional or basin-wide trends are found for annual precipitation, positive (negative) trends during the wet (dry) season found at four stations raises the likelihood of both water shortages and the risk of precipitation-triggered disasters. The study demonstrates how variable the precipitation patterns of the Andean mountain range are, and illustrates the need for improved monitoring. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evaluating digital elevation models for glaciologic applications: An example from Nevado Coropuna, Peruvian Andes   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

Adina E. Racoviteanu  William F. Manley  Yves Arnaud  Mark W. Williams   《Global and Planetary Change》2007,59(1-4):110

This paper evaluates the suitability of readily available elevation data derived from recent sensors – the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) – for glaciological applications. The study area is Nevado Coropuna (6426 m), situated in Cordillera Ampato of Southern Peru. The glaciated area was 82.6 km² in 1962, based on aerial photography. We estimate the glacier area to be ca. 60.8 km² in 2000, based on analysis of the ASTER L1B scene.We used two 1:50,000 topographic maps constructed from 1955 aerial photography to create a digital elevation model with 30 m resolution, which we used as a reference dataset. Of the various interpolation techniques examined, the TOPOGRID algorithm was found to be superior to other techniques, and yielded a DEM with a vertical accuracy of ± 14.7 m. The 1955 DEM was compared to the SRTM DEM (2000) and ASTER DEM (2001) on a cell-by-cell basis. Steps included: validating the DEM's against field GPS survey points on rock areas; visualization techniques such as shaded relief and contour maps; quantifying errors (bias) in each DEM; correlating vertical differences between various DEM's with topographic characteristics (elevation, slope and aspect) and subtracting DEM elevations on a cell-by-cell basis.The RMS error of the SRTM DEM with respect to GPS points on non-glaciated areas was 23 m. The ASTER DEM had a RMS error of 61 m with respect to GPS points and displayed 200–300 m horizontal offsets and elevation ‘spikes’ on the glaciated area when compared to the DEM from topographic data.Cell-by-cell comparison of SRTM and ASTER-derived elevations with topographic data showed ablation at the toes of the glaciers (− 25 m to − 75 m surface lowering) and an apparent thickening at the summits. The mean altitude difference on glaciated area (SRTM minus topographic DEM) was − 5 m, pointing towards a lowering of the glacier surface during the period 1955–2000. Spurious values on the glacier surface in the ASTER DEM affected the analysis and thus prevented us from quantifying the glacier changes based on the ASTER data.  相似文献   

Unravelling evapotranspiration controls and components in tropical Andean tussock grasslands     

Ana E. Ochoa-Sánchez  Patricio Crespo  Galo Carrillo-Rojas  Franklin Marín  Rolando Célleri 《水文研究》2020,34(9):2117-2127

The study of the environmental factors that control evapotranspiration and the components of evapotranspiration leads to a better understanding of the actual evapotranspiration (ET) process that links the functioning of the soil, water and atmosphere. It also improves local, regional and global ET modelling. Globally, few studies so far focussed on the controls and components of ET in alpine grasslands, especially in mountainous sites such as the tussock grasslands located in the páramo biome (above 3300 m a.s.l.). The páramo occupies 35 000 km² and provides water resources for many cities in the Andes. In this article, we unveiled the controls on ET and provided the first insights on the contribution of transpiration to ET. We found that the wet páramo is an energy-limited region and net radiation (Rn) is primarily controlling ET. ET was on average 1.7 mm/day. The monthly average evaporative fraction (ET/Rn) was 0.47 and it remained similar for wet and dry periods. The secondary controls on ET were wind speed, aerodynamic resistance and surface resistance that appeared more important for dry periods, where significantly higher ET rates were found (20% increase). During dry events, transpiration was on average 1.5 mm/day (range 0.7–2.7 mm/day), similar to other tussock grasslands in New Zealand (range 0.6–3.3 mm/day). Evidence showed interception contributes more to ET than transpiration. This study sets a precedent towards a better understanding of the evapotranspiration process and will ultimately lead to a better land-atmosphere fluxes modelling in the tropics.  相似文献   

世界盐湖卤水型锂矿特征、分布规律与成矿动力模型   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

刘成林  余小灿  袁学银  李瑞琴  姚佛军  沈立建  李强  赵元艺 《地质学报》2021,95(7):2009-2029

卤水锂矿在世界探明的锂矿总资源量中占比达65％,由于其易于开采,成本较低,其锂盐产品占总锂盐产品的75％左右.世界卤水锂矿主要产于现代盐湖,这些盐湖分布于世界三大高原:中国青藏高原、南美西部安第斯高原和北美西部高原,形成了三大盐湖卤水锂成矿区.中国青藏高原盐湖主要包括西藏中北部和柴达木盆地盐湖,卤水锂(LiCl)资源量为2330万t;南美西部安第斯高原盐湖,涵盖玻利维亚、智利和阿根廷盐湖,锂(Li2 O)资源量为2300万t;北美西部高原盐湖卤水锂矿(Li2 O)资源量为550万t.同时,中国华南地区在中生代晚期可能也是高原环境,高原地貌孕育了大量盐湖,并形成了一些富锂卤水矿.这些高原的形成与隆升都起因于板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞:南美安第斯高原和北美西部高原是太平洋板块向美洲板块俯冲-增生造山形成的,中国青藏高原是印度板块向欧亚板块俯冲-陆陆碰撞形成的,而中国华南古高原则可能与古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲作用有关.板块俯冲及陆陆碰撞作用,一方面形成高原地貌,挡住了来自大洋的水汽,从而导致高原内部降水减少,形成干旱气候,引发强烈蒸发作用;洋壳俯冲至上地幔之后,由于脱水和部分熔融导致其中的氯、钾、锂和溴等挥发分进入岩浆并被带到地壳浅部富集;板块俯冲-碰撞作用形成大量构造盆地,同时,岩浆活动又引起大量温热泉水活动,高温水-岩反应将地壳中大量锂等成矿物质释放出来,汇入盆地并通过蒸发浓缩形成富锂盐湖.上述构造、气候和物源等成矿要素的耦合,最终导致高原盐湖卤水富锂成矿.综合世界卤水锂矿特征与成矿作用,提出盐湖卤水锂成矿动力学模式.  相似文献   

Lateglacial and Holocene cosmogenic surface exposure age glacial chronology and geomorphological evidence for the presence of cold‐based glaciers at Nevado Sajama,Bolivia     

Colby A. Smith  Thomas V. Lowell  Marc W. Caffee 《第四纪科学杂志》2009,24(4):360-372

Comparisons of palaeo‐equilibrium line altitudes between the Western and Eastern Cordilleras in the Central Andes are commonly based on the assumption that the tall outermost moraines visible in remotely sensed images of the Western Cordillera date to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, field investigation and geomorphic mapping at Nevado Sajama, Bolivia, indicates the tall moraines are relic features with shorter moraines overlying and in some cases extending beyond them. ³⁶Cl exposure ages from the shorter moraines suggest that they date to Lateglacial times ca. 16.9–10.2 ka. Although Lateglacial deposits have been found throughout the Central Andes, the extent of these deposits relative to LGM deposits varies both between the Western and Eastern Cordilleras and north‐to‐south along the Western Cordillera. In the Western Cordillera in the zone of easterly winds, the Lateglacial appears to be the most extensive glacial advance of the last glacial cycle. Geomorphic evidence also suggests that some Lateglacial moraines were deposited by cold‐based ice, a previously unreported finding in the tropical Andes. Retreat from other glacial features occurred at about 7.0–4.4 ka and 4.7–3.3 ka. These are the first directly dated Holocene glacial deposits in the Western Cordillera of Bolivia, and their presence suggests that the mid Holocene may not have been as warm and dry as previously thought. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Thermal acclimation and non-shivering thermogenesis in three species of South American rodents: a comparison between arid and mesic habitats     

Roberto F. Nespolo  Juan C. Opazo  Francisco Bozinovic 《Journal of Arid Environments》2001,48(4):581

Non-hibernating mammals that live in seasonal and arid environments change their non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) capacity to maintain homeothermy. Metabolic capabilities of animals, such as NST, are considered adaptive plastic traits because they have a broad range of possible phenotypes with different ambient temperatures (i.e. the reaction norm). Consequently, we determined the reaction norm for NST in Octodon degus (Bennett, 1832; m_b=189 g) andPhyllotis darwini (Waterhouse, 1837; m_b=61 g) from the mesic habitat of central Chile, and inPhyllotis xanthopygus (Waterhouse, 1837; m_b=67 g) from the high Andean plains of northern Chile, an arid and seasonal habitat. Octodon degus showed a 22% increase in NST with thermal acclimation, whereas P. xanthopygus showed a 112% increase, and P. darwini showed a 117% increase in NST, being the largest change observed. These results are in agreement with our hypothesis of evolutionary inertia, which states that observed metabolic plasticity in Phyllotis species is consequence of their high Andean origin, in spite of the fact the actual habitat ofP. darwini is the less seasonal central valley of Chile.  相似文献