北美地区大湖水位的变化研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

William A．Gough 《地球科学与环境学报》2005,27(4):8-13

在数十年来大湖水位变化历史记录背景下，考察了近年来大湖处于低水位的问题，并且比较了下游湖区水位最近的回升与上游湖区持续的低水位状况．探讨了气候变化对大湖水位的潜在影响。  相似文献   

Hydrologic comparison between a forested and a wetland/lake dominated watershed using SWAT     

Kangsheng Wu  Carol A. Johnston 《水文研究》2008,22(10):1431-1442

The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a physically‐based hydrologic model developed for agricultural watersheds, which has been infrequently validated for forested watersheds, particularly those with deep overwinter snow accumulation and abundant lakes and wetlands. The goal of this study was to determine the applicability of SWAT for modelling streamflow in two watersheds of the Ontonagon River basin of northern Michigan which differ in proportion of wetland and lake area. The forest‐dominated East Branch watershed contains 17% wetland and lake area, whereas the wetland/lake‐dominated Middle Branch watershed contains 26% wetland and lake area. The specific objectives were to: (1) calibrate and validate SWAT models for the East Branch and Middle Branch watersheds to simulate monthly stream flow, and (2) compare the effects of wetland and lake abundance on the magnitude and timing of streamflow. Model calibration and validation was satisfactory, as determined by deviation of discharge D and Nash and Sutcliffe coefficient values E that compared simulated monthly mean discharge versus measured monthly mean discharge. Streamflow simulation discrepancies occurred during summer and fall months and dry years. Several snow melting parameters were found to be critical for the SWAT simulation: TIMP (snow temperature lag factor) and SMFMX and SMFMN (melting factors). Snow melting parameters were not transferable between adjacent watersheds. Differences in seasonal pattern of long‐term monthly streamflow were found, with the forest‐dominated watershed having a higher peak flow during April but a lower flow during the remainder of the year in comparison to the wetland and lake‐dominated watershed. The results suggested that a greater proportion of wetland and lake area increases the capacity of a watershed to impound surface runoff and to delay storm and snow melting events. Representation of wetlands and lakes in a watershed model is required to simulate monthly stream flow in a wetland/lake‐dominated watershed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

中国湖泊分形特征初探   总被引：10，自引：1，他引：9  

赵宏  赵安 《湖泊科学》1997,9(3):279-283

本文分形概念入手,介绍自然界（水系,云,雪,树木）普遍存在分形特征,继而用偏差法求解中国湖泊分布的分形特征,并对其进行地理意义的解释,为湖泊信息分类和湖泊数据库建设服务。  相似文献   

盐度对湖冰冻结过程中氮磷营养盐排出效应的影响     

张程  黄文峰  李瑞  杨惠杰  赵雯  林战举 《湖泊科学》2022,34(4):1186-1196

伴随结冰过程的盐分排出是驱动冰封浅湖营养盐动态变化的关键过程,影响湖泊水质、环境与生态演变.为探究湖冰冻融过程如何改变寒区浅湖营养盐条件,采用自制定向冻结装置开展了无机氮磷营养盐溶液(NH₃-N、NO^-₂-N、NO^-₃-N、PO^3-₄-P)的室内冻结试验,结合现场采样分析评估了冻结排出效应对典型浅湖氮磷营养盐的影响.结果表明:营养盐浓度、盐度(以NaCl表征)是影响冻结排出效率的关键因素;随营养盐浓度的升高,冰内营养盐浓度升高,但冻结分离系数减小;若盐度升高,冰内营养盐浓度和分离系数均增大,主要与未冻卤水泡的形成有关;3种形态的无机氮、磷酸根的分离系数均存在明显差异.将试验结果应用于内蒙古乌梁素海结冰期氮磷营养分析,计算表明湖冰冻结排盐过程不仅造成湖水各类营养盐浓度升高,同时改变无机氮素构成、氮磷比等营养结构状态;特别是若湖泊盐度发生变化,氮磷营养盐的冻结排出效率及其差异性均会显著改变,增加冰封期湖泊营养条件的时空变异性.本文结果可广泛应用于定量评价冰层冻融过程对冬季湖泊营养条件的影响,有助于理解冰封期浮游植物群落演变的内在驱动力.  相似文献   

LakeCC: a tool for efficiently identifying lake basins with application to palaeogeographic reconstructions of North America     

Sebastian Hinck  Evan J. Gowan  Gerrit Lohmann 《第四纪科学杂志》2020,35(3):422-432

Along the margins of continental ice sheets, lakes formed in isostatically depressed basins during glacial retreat. Their shorelines and extent are sensitive to the ice margin and the glacial history of the region. Proglacial lakes, in turn, also impact the glacial isostatic adjustment due to loading, and ice dynamics by posing a marine-like boundary condition at the ice margin. In this study we present a tool that efficiently identifies lake basins and the corresponding maximum water level for a given ice sheet and topography reconstruction. This algorithm, called the LakeCC model, iteratively checks the whole map for a set of increasing water levels and fills isolated basins until they overflow into the ocean. We apply it to the present-day Great Lakes and the results show good agreement (∼1−4%) with measured lake volume and depth. We then apply it to two topography reconstructions of North America between the Last Glacial Maximum and the present. The model successfully reconstructs glacial lakes such as Lake Agassiz, Lake McConnell and the predecessors of the Great Lakes. LakeCC can be used to judge the quality of ice sheet reconstructions. © 2019 The Authors Journal of Quaternary Science Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

      

P. Herzsprung  K. Friese  G. Packroff  M. Schimmele  K. Wendt-Potthoff  M. Winkler 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(5):253-262

The investigated coal mining lakes (ML 111, ML 117, and ML 107) in the Lusatian lignite mining district are extremely acidic. The concentrations of iron in these geogenic acidified lakes are orders of magnitude higher than in acidic bog lakes and softwater lakes acidified by atmospheric deposition. For the most part ferric iron was the predominant species by a Fe(III) to Fe(II) ratio of more than 10. Density stratification of the water column leads to vertical concentration gradients of ferrous iron. Extremely high concentrations of ferrous iron were found in the anoxic layers above the sediment of ML 111 and ML 107. High concentrations of Fe(II) were correlated with high concentrations of carbon dioxide. A microbial potential to reduce ferric iron was found in the sediments. In ML 111 and ML 117 the concentrations of Fe(II) in the epilimnion were markedly higher than in the oxic hypolimnetic layers. It can be suggested that the occurence of ferrous iron in the epilimnion is of photochemical origin, as described for softwater lakes. Minimum concentrations of dissolved organic carbon in the epilimnion could be correlated to the increase of ferrous iron concentrations. Especially in springtime and summer the concentrations of Fe(II) in the epilimnion were higher than in the oxic hypolimnetic layer below.  相似文献   

湖相介形类壳体地球化学在环境变化研究中的应用与进展   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

李军  余俊清 《湖泊科学》2001,13(4):367-375

双壳微体甲壳类动物介形虫,广泛分布于各类湖泊体系中,其碳酸盐壳化石通常在湖泊沉积物中保存完好,介形类的古生态学,尤其是介壳的地球化学在环境变化研究中,近年来得到越来越广泛的应用,介壳的氧同位素组成四形成壳体时湖水的同位素组成和温度决定,可以反映由蒸发和降水的变化所引起的湖水水化学以及与之关联的气候变化情况,一般而言,低δ^18O反映了温度潮湿的气候;高δ^18反映了寒冷干燥的气候,碳同位素可以反映总溶解无机碳的组成以及影响其组成的诸因素的变化,多数情况下可以反映湖泊古生产力的大小及变化,介壳中Mg和Sr的含量,往往与其宿生水体的盐度和温度呈一定的函数关系,据此可以恢复湖泊的温度,尤其是盐度的变化,为了满足高分辨率环境变化,特别是定量研究的要求,必须充分了解介形类各个种属的生命历史和生态消长的过程;通过定期收集野外介壳和水样进行化学分析了,了解湖水水化学和温度对介壳稳定同位素和微量元素组成的影响;详细了解湖泊湖沼学,包括湖水的同位素组成和M/Ca（M指微量元素Mg、Sr等）与盐度的关系以及它们随空间和季度变化的特征;开展实验室养殖培养实验,测定单个种属介壳与水体的氧同位素分馏系数,建立微量元素吸收的生理效应。  相似文献   

Exotic seismic phases recorded near Mammoth Lakes and their use in the delineation of shallow-crustal (magma?) anomalies     

William A. Peppin 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1987,125(6):1009-1023

Observations of several hundredexotic seismic phases (herein defined) recorded in and near Long Valley caldera, California, have been cataloged. I discuss here four classes of such seismograms: (1) seismograms with missing S-waves, (2) seismograms with an unusual pre-S phase seen at the single station SLK northwest of the caldera, (3) seismograms with a strong pre-S phase as seen at a number of stations south of the caldera, and (4) a very large, very slow (<2 km/sec) post-S phase seen at the single station Benton. For each of these phenomena, it is not yet possible to pin down an unambiguous and unique theoretical explanation. However, for each, I have presented an explanation, summarizing current thinking, which involves nonplanar reflections/refractions within shallow-crustal anomalous zones which can reasonably be supposed to be magma bodies. If these explanations are even partially pertinent, then the investigation of exotic phases near complex regions like Mammoth Lakes and other volcanic areas is potentially a way to bring precise resolving power on the nature and geometry of local crustal anomalies.  相似文献   

The macrobenthos of Lake Ontario during 1964 to 1966, and subsequent changes in the deepwater community   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

David R. Barton  Bradley Anholt 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1997,59(2):158-175

From January 1964 through January 1966, Dr. F.P. Ide and colleagues at the University of Toronto Great Lakes Institute (GLI) collected benthic macroinvertebrates from up to 63 stations during each of 16 cruises on Lake Ontario. This intensive survey was conducted at a time of rapidly increasing anthropogenic impact. Total invertebrate abundance decreased with increasing depth; this distribution was bimodal on the northern side of the lake, with peaks at ca. 35 and 80 m. Oligochaeta were more abundant along the southern than on the northern side of the lake, except in Humber Bay. The amphipodDiporeia was rarely collected at most stations near the mouth of the Niagara River. Chironomidae were most abundant in the Kingston Basin but were common throughout the lake at depths less than 50 m. Sphaeriidae were confined to water <100 m deep and were most abundant along the southern shore. When compared with the results of subsequent surveys of the deepwater zone, the GLI data provide evidence of two major shifts in the abundance of benthic animals. Numbers of Oligochaeta decreased by about 40% during 1965 and remained at the lower levels through 1990. The abundance ofDiporeia changed little from 1964 through 1977, but increased sharply between 1977 and 1981. These shifts do not appear to reflect implementation of controls on the discharge of phosphorus, or direct predation by fish. Changes in fish and zooplankton communities and inputs of toxic contaminants seem equally likely to be responsible for the shifts in the deepwater benthic community. We have proposed several predictions which could test the relative importance of biotic interactions or chemical stressors.  相似文献   

Water Quality and Phosphorus Budget of Mogan Lake,Turkey     

S. Pulatsü  F. Aydin 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1997,25(3):128-134

Mogan Lake is the largest recreational area near Ankara, which is the capital city of Turkey. Increased macrophyte growth in the water body and the present levels of urban development within the catchment are reflected in declining water quality and aesthetic deterioation. A study of the water quality of the lake was undertaken to quantify the variation of phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll-a concentrations during ice-free seasons from 1992 to 1994. Its total phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations indicate a meso-eutrophic status. The total phosphorus budget of Mogan Lake was measured for a period of 22 months. The estimation of nutrient loading using Dillon-Rigler nutrient budget shows that an artificial load caused too high phosphorus inputs. The management implications of phosphorus loading and budget are discussed.  相似文献