北京市朝阳区大气降尘磁学特征及对空气污染物浓度的指示   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

乔庆庆  张春霞  李静  李泓  黄宝春 《地球物理学报》2011,54(1):151-162

应用环境磁学方法研究了2008年奥运会前后北京市朝阳区大气降尘及对照点表土样品的磁学特征.结果表明,所有样品中载磁矿物主要为低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物(主要为磁铁矿).但大气降尘样品的磁性颗粒粒度较表土偏粗;磁性矿物含量高于表土样品,大气降尘除来自于自然源外,更多为来自于人为因素的结果.大气降尘磁化率与空气污染物浓度随时间...  相似文献   

Characterization of organic matter in sediment cores of the Todos os Santos Bay, Bahia, Brazil, by elemental analysis and 13C NMR     

Costa AB  Novotny EH  Bloise AC  de Azevedo ER  Bonagamba TJ  Zucchi MR  Santos VL  Azevedo AE 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(8):1883-1890

The impact of human activity on the sediments of Todos os Santos Bay in Brazil was evaluated by elemental analysis and ¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹³C NMR). This article reports a study of six sediment cores collected at different depths and regions of Todos os Santos Bay. The elemental profiles of cores collected on the eastern side of Frades Island suggest an abrupt change in the sedimentation regime. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) analysis corroborates this result. The range of depths of the cores corresponds to about 50 years ago, coinciding with the implantation of major onshore industrial projects in the region. Principal Component Analysis of the ¹³C NMR spectra clearly differentiates sediment samples closer to the Subaé estuary, which have high contents of terrestrial organic matter, from those closer to a local oil refinery. The results presented in this article illustrate several important aspects of environmental impact of human activity on this bay.  相似文献   

Households’ willingness to reduce pollution threats in the Poyang Lake region,southern China     

Lin Zhen  Fen Li  Heqing Huang  Oliver Dilly  Jiyuan Liu  Yunjie Wei  Li Yang  Xiaochang Cao 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2011

Environmental threats to wetland ecosystems are increasing, and these ecosystems are becoming increasingly sensitive to human impacts, leading to deterioration of these already fragile ecosystems. Poyang Lake is the largest freshwater lake in China and one of the most important wetlands in the world. However, water pollution and related environmental changes have increasingly drawn the scientific community's attention. The goal of this paper is to provide insights into the environmental threats to the Poyang Lake region as perceived from the households’ perspective, and to investigate their willingness to pay for conservation of the lake's environment. We collected both primary and secondary data through a questionnaire delivered to 270 households and analysis of existing water monitoring data. The major threat confronting the Poyang lake region is water pollution; water quality, as represented by the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations and by chemical oxygen demand (COD), suggests a moderate to severe degree of eutrophication. The situation has worsened in recent years, particularly due to high TN and TP in agricultural drainage water caused by increasingly intensive use of chemical fertilizers by local farmers. Most households were willing to pay to mitigate these threats, but the magnitude of the payment was related to a farmer's dependence on the lake for their production and daily life. The results of our analysis will help managers develop more effective environmental management policies.  相似文献   

Transnational learning, policy analytical capacity, and environmental policy convergence: Survey results from Canada     

Michael Howlett  Sima Joshi-Koop 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(1):85-92

In this article, we seek to clarify further the effects of internationalization on environmental policy convergence by focussing on a country's policy analytical capacity as a mechanism mediating transnational policy learning. We argue that without significant policy analytical capacity, it is unlikely for transnational communication to produce policy learning crucial to this potential mechanism of international environmental policy convergence. Based on a survey of Canadian provincial public servants, we find that while policy analysts in the environmental policy sector have some interaction with those outside of their own jurisdictions, their particular training, employment patterns, and work activities mean they are unlikely to use knowledge drawn from external sources in their decision-making processes.  相似文献   

Renewable energy vs. biodiversity: Policy conflicts and the future of nature conservation     

Andrew L.R. Jackson 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(4):1195-1208

The European Union's (EU) network of nature conservation areas – Natura 2000 – covers almost 18% of EU territory, and is subject to strict legal protection, which is enforced by the European Commission, a supranational authority. Given the Natura 2000 network's size, conflicts between Natura 2000 and renewable energy projects are inevitable, particularly as countries push to meet their 2020 energy and emissions reduction targets by pursuing more – and larger – renewable energy projects. Focusing on two cases in the renewable energy sector – a hydroelectric dam in Portugal's Sabor valley, and a large tidal barrage in the UK's Severn estuary – this article shows that the EU's strict biodiversity protection regime could necessitate the rejection of many large renewable energy projects. That is, it may not be possible as a matter of EU law for national authorities to grant permission for such projects. The potential for such difficulties will be shown to be highly visible to policymakers, and could, this article argues, trigger negative impacts in terms of the rule of law, and negative feedbacks on nature conservation policies in the EU and, by way of precedent, globally. The legal issues presented here should not, this article argues, be regarded as insurmountable problems, nor as a trigger for reforms aimed at weakening biodiversity protections. Rather, these issues are better regarded as an opportunity for an open, informed, global debate regarding the relationship between biodiversity and climate change policies, and the hierarchy, if any, between them.  相似文献   

The importance of deliberation in valuing ecosystem services in developing countries—Evidence from the Solomon Islands     

Jasper O. Kenter  Tony Hyde 《Global Environmental Change》2011,21(2):505-521

Monetary valuation of ecosystem services enables more accurate accounting of the environmental costs and benefits of policies, but this has rarely been applied in developing countries. In such contexts, there are particular methodological and epistemological challenges that require novel valuation methodologies. This paper introduces a new participatory, deliberative choice experiment approach conducted in the Solomon Islands. The research aimed to determine the value people placed on ecosystem services and whether participatory interventions to elicit deeper held values influenced the preferences expressed. Results found that the initial willingness to pay for a number of tropical forest ecosystem services amounted to 30% of household income. Following deliberative intervention exercises, key ecosystem services effectively became priceless as participants were unwilling to trade them off in the choice experiment scenarios, regardless of financial cost. The group based deliberative approach, combined with participatory interventions, also resulted in significant learning for participants. This included a more sophisticated view of ecological-cultural linkages, greater recognition of deeper held values, and greater awareness of the consequences of human actions for the environment. The use of a group-based participatory approach instead of a conventional individual survey helped to overcome many of the practical difficulties associated with valuation in developing countries. Given the impact of learning on valuation outcomes, participation and deliberation should be integrated into valuation of any complex good, both in developing and developed economies. However, such a methodology raises questions about how valuation can deal with unwillingness to trade-off key ecosystem services, which results in the breakdown of monetary valuation methods. Evaluation of the appropriateness of valuation processes and methodologies for assessing deeper held values and use of mixed-method approaches will be essential to ensure policies take into account the extent to which human life is dependent on ecosystem services.  相似文献   

大型X射线医疗设备的环评分析     

傅锦  裴承凯 《国外铀金地质》2011,(2):115-119

通过一个环评实例阐述大型X射线医疗设备销售项目环境影响评价的基本分析要点,给出了正常工况下和事故工况下环境影响分析过程和剂量估算方法。大型X射线医疗设备销售的环境影响评价要点是：根据项目实际情况,确定污染因子和管理限值,采用类比、现场实测加计算的评价、预测方法,区分正常工况与事故工况,对污染进行分析、监测、计算和预测。  相似文献   

Plural valuation of nature for equity and sustainability: Insights from the Global South     

《Global Environmental Change》2020

Plural valuation is about eliciting the diverse values of nature articulated by different stakeholders in order to inform decision making and thus achieve more equitable and sustainable outcomes. We explore what approaches align with plural valuation on the ground, as well as how different social-ecological contexts play a role in translating plural valuation into decisions and outcomes. Based on a co-constructed analytical approach relying on empirical information from ten cases from the Global South, we find that plural valuation contributes to equitable and sustainable outcomes if the valuation process: 1) is based on participatory value elicitation approaches; 2) is framed with a clear action-oriented purpose; 3) provides space for marginalized stakeholders to articulate their values in ways that can be included in decisions; 4) is used as a tool to identify and help reconcile different cognitive models about human-nature relations; and 5) fosters open communication and collaboration among stakeholders. We also find that power asymmetries can hinder plural valuation. As interest and support for undertaking plural valuation grows, a deeper understanding is needed regarding how it can be adapted to different purposes, approaches, and social-ecological contexts in order to contribute to social equity and sustainability.  相似文献   

大气质量模糊评价模型与应用     

张敦敏 《成都信息工程学院学报》1991,(Z1)

本文应用模糊评价模型,对某市大气质量进行评价,并与灰色聚类法作了比较,结果表明,该模型避免了灰色聚类法结果趋于均化的问题,是较理想的评价方法。  相似文献   

Shortcomings in the European principles of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): Assessing the implications for locally orientated coastal management using Biome Portfolio Analysis (BPA)     

《Marine Policy》2014

EU policy geared towards the sustainable development of European coastal areas has incorporated Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) as one of its primary mechanisms to achieve its goal. However, critical shortcomings in the ICZM paradigm have emerged. In particular, incoherence in the European Commission's ICZM principles with respect to local and strategic objectives remains an issue. Additionally, a lack of scientific certainty about environmental processes when determining the environmental pros and cons of alternative coastal-management decisions undermines environmentally protective decisions that may otherwise hinder local regional development. With these issues in mind, a Biodiversity Portfolio Analysis (BPA) is applied to Iarras Aithneach, a peninsula on the west coast of Ireland, to test its suitability as tool for ICZM. In addition, the paper uses the BPA methodology to explore the contrast between scientific/strategic and local attitudes towards the management of a coastal area of environmental importance. Pronounced differences between the two are found and the implications for both BPA and ICZM are discussed. The spatial and participatory nature of the BPA process and the explicit treatment of risk the framework exhibits suggest there is scope for it to become a useful tool for ICZM. It also has the potential to act as a routine way of quantifying the “attitude gap” between the scientific community and the local community when managing a unique coastal area.  相似文献