Controls on event runoff coefficients in the eastern Italian Alps   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Daniele Norbiato  Marco Borga  Ralf Merz  Günther Blschl  Alberto Carton 《Journal of Hydrology》2009,375(3-4):312-325

Analyses of event runoff coefficients provide essential insight on catchment response, particularly if a range of catchments and a range of events are compared by a single indicator. In this study we examine the effect of climate, geology, land use, flood types and initial soil moisture conditions on the distribution functions of the event runoff coefficients for a set of 14 mountainous catchments located in the eastern Italian Alps, ranging in size from 7.3 to 608.4 km². Runoff coefficients were computed from hourly precipitation, runoff data and estimates of snowmelt. A total of 535 events were analysed over the period 1989–2004. We classified each basin using a “permeability index” which was inferred from a geologic map and ranged from “low” to “high permeability”. A continuous soil moisture accounting model was applied to each catchment to classify ‘wet’ and ‘dry’ initial soil moisture conditions. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of runoff coefficients is highly correlated with mean annual precipitation, with the mean runoff coefficient increasing with mean annual precipitation. Geology, through the ‘permeability index’, is another important control on runoff coefficients for catchments with mean annual precipitation less than 1200 mm. Land use, as indexed by the SCS curve number, influences runoff coefficient distribution to a lesser degree. An analysis of the runoff coefficients by flood type indicates that runoff coefficients increase with event snowmelt. Results show that there exists an intermediate region of subsurface water storage capacity, as indexed by a flow–duration curve-based index, which maximises the impact of initial wetness conditions on the runoff coefficient. This means that the difference between runoff coefficients characterised by wet and dry initial conditions is negligible both for basins with very large storage capacity and for basins with small storage capacity. For basins with intermediate storage capacities, the impact of the initial wetness conditions may be relatively large.  相似文献   

河北平原沉积物中记录的新仙女木事件   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

广新菊  许清海  阳小兰  孙黎明 《云南地理环境研究》2000,12(1):21-29

河北平原的高阳、羊二庄、南庄头孢粉剖面和阳原、怀涿盆地的冻融褶皱清楚地记录了冰期向全新世过渡中的新仙女木气候逆转事件.河北平原的新仙女木降温事件以冷干为特征,降温幅度约8℃.  相似文献   

新元古代—寒武纪硫同位素异常事件(Yudomski事件)的起源与结束          下载免费PDF全文

张智礼  孟凡巍  倪培  李慧莉  卓勤功 《盐湖研究》2020,28(4):22-28

新元古代晚期—寒武纪早期是地球历史演化的关键时期,整个生物圈、大气圈和水圈在此期间都发生了巨大的变化,海水成分在其间也发生了明显的变化。而石盐流体包裹体恰恰记录了该时段海水主要离子成分的转变:海水成分从新元古代晚期的“文石海”,快速转化为寒武纪的“方解石海”;同时海水中的碳、锶、硫同位素都发生了剧烈的改变,其中海水硫酸根的硫同位素从新元古代冰期前的20‰左右,迅速升高到新元古代冰期后的35‰左右,甚至可以到45‰,海相蒸发岩沉积中的硫酸盐沉积(主要是石膏、硬石膏)则直接记录了当时海水中硫酸根的硫同位素变化。现有研究表明,新元古代晚期——寒武纪时期的海相蒸发岩沉积记录了当时海洋中存在着地质历史时期最大的硫同位素异常,即“Yudomski事件”。塔里木盆地的寒武纪早期、中期蒸发岩记录了“Yudomski事件”的硫同位素异常高值(35‰左右,甚至更高),表明这一起源于新元古代晚期的同位素异常事件持续到了寒武纪的早期和中期;塔里木盆地奥陶纪早期的蒸发岩、鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪中期蒸发岩和美国Williston盆地奥陶纪晚期地层的蒸发岩的硫同位素数据相似,都在+25‰左右则记录了较低的海洋硫同位素值,表明起源于新元古代冰期之后的“Yudomski事件”的硫同位素异常,持续到了寒武纪的中期,而结束于寒武纪的晚期。  相似文献   

The Distribution of Chadian and earliest Arundian strata in North Wales: Implications for Dinantian (Carboniferous) lithostratigraphy and palaeogeography     

J. R. Davies  N. J. Riley  D. Wilson 《Geological Journal》1989,24(1):31-47

The late Chadian Foel Formation, previously thought to be confined to the Dyserth area of North Wales, forms a poorly exposed but persistent basal unit to much of the Dinantian crop east of the Clwydian Range, necessitating a revision of the local lithostratigraphy. The formation comprises a peritidal heterolith which, together with the lowest few metres of the overlying Llanarmon Limestone, yields microfossil assemblages diagnostic of the Eoparastaffella Cf4α Subzone. Succeeding strata, containing the lowest archaediscid foraminifera, provide the first record of Cf4β assemblages from North Wales and establish an early Arundian age for these beds. The Foel Formation was deposited as an aggradational sequence on the northern flank of St. George's Land during a pulsed transgression which began in late Chadian times. The widely recognized basal Arundian transgression is represented by the contact between the Foel Formation and overlying platform carbonates. The latter overlap the Foel Formation in the southernmost part of the Clwydian crop demonstrating, for the first time, southwards onlap on the northern side of the Bala–Bryneglwys Fault System.  相似文献   

河西走廊地质历史中宋辽干冷期灾变事件及其影响          下载免费PDF全文

赫明林  曹兴山  曹炳媛 《甘肃地质》2006,15(1):10-18

宋辽寒冷干旱期的急剧降温,使河西地区降水量迅速减少,气候变得更为干旱。植被枯萎,风暴、沙暴、尘暴、火灾、旱灾、饥荒等灾害事件频繁发生,从而引发了一系列生态环境问题和战争动乱,对中国政治、社会、经济、文化产生重大影响。依据历史资料和考古研究成果及地质记录中“事件标志层”层位、年代,确定宋辽寒冷干旱期发生于公元1000~1050年,发展于公元1050~1100年,强盛于公元1100~1320年,消亡于公元1320~1335年。  相似文献   

古新世—始新世最热事件对地球表层循环的影响及其触发机制   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵玉龙  刘志飞 《地球科学进展》2007,22(4):341-349

古新世—始新世最热事件（PETM, Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum）是发生在古新世—始新世交界时的一次全球性的气候突变事件。它造成了大洋环流模式的突然倒转和海水盐度、大气湿度的迅速上升。海洋表层生态系统和陆地生态系统生产力迅速上升,许多属种的植物、动物、微生物生活范围向高纬区扩大;大洋底栖微生物发生集群灭绝。现代哺乳动物的主要属种（灵长类、奇蹄类及偶蹄类）产生,哺乳动物演化进程发生重大改变。地球表层碳循环系统发生不同程度的碳同位素负偏移,全球碳循环系统发生大规模搅动。对于PETM的触发机制,主流的观点认为是海底天然气水合物突然释放造成巨量甲烷迅速进入表层系统引发的碳循环系统内部反馈。而对于甲烷释放的原因,又存在着减压释放和热释放两种解释;此外还有科学家用岩浆作用和地外星体撞击来解释PETM的发生。  相似文献   

1997年1月事件行星际扰动在三维背景太阳风中传播的数值模拟          下载免费PDF全文

石勇  魏奉思  冯学尚  叶占银 《地球物理学报》2001,44(3):303-310

利用一个三维的MHD模式,从数值预报的角度出发,以1997年1月事件的有关太阳观测为依据,构造比较符合物理实际的边值条件,通过三维数值模拟得到了稳定的比较接近真实的太阳风背景场.结果显示此次事件太阳风背景场的磁场关于赤道面不对称,有较明显的倾斜和扭曲,同时磁场较弱;等离子体各参量相对于事件的太阳源为东西和南北不对称结构.本文数值模拟了磁场南北分量Bθ的不同取法对背景场的影响,结果表明在源表面磁场有明显倾斜的情况下,内边界处磁场南北分量不宜假设为零.在此基础上,初步数值研究了行星际扰动在三维背景场中的传播过程,并与WIND卫星的观测进行了对比.  相似文献   

The impact of OAE 1a on marine biota deciphered by size variations of coccoliths     

《Cretaceous Research》2016

The early Aptian Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a; ∼120 Ma) was caused by a global perturbation of the Early Cretaceous climate. It supposedly affected the composition of the marine biosphere, including the primary producers. This study aims at using the size evolution of three species of coccolithophores (Biscutum constans, Zeugrhabdotus erectus and Watznaueria barnesiae) for better understanding the impact of the OAE 1a on primary producers. A total of 30 samples derived from three sites, which cover the upper Barremian–lower Aptian interval, have been analyzed from the North Sea and the Lower Saxony Basin. The sections expose near-shore and shallow marine sediments.The measured data of B. constans and Z. erectus are characterized by a size decrease synchronous to the negative carbon isotope excursion. This size reduction marks the early phase of the OAE 1a, more precisely the carbon isotope segment C3. Coccolith sizes recover to pre-OAE 1a values in the aftermath of this brief interval. The short termed size reduction is seen as a reaction of specific nannofossil taxa to an increase in humidity during the early phase of OAE 1a. Due to high weathering rates and a substantial run-off, the amount of detrital material transported into the marine system increased significantly. Consequently light availability diminished in the surface waters, causing habitat changes for the photoautotrophic primary producers. Light-sensitive species like B. constans and Z. erectus adjusted by forming smaller skeletons, thereby reducing their size. This strategy allowed for dwelling in shallower water depth and thus compensated for the decrease in sun light. The sizes of W. barnesiae in contrast remain stable throughout the entire OAE 1a interval. W. barnesiae was not affected by these environmental shifts and is thus interpreted as being robust with respect to changes of the sun light.  相似文献   

Sea Levels and Western Boundary Flow Near a Tectonic Zone in the Northern Pacific     

Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2001,24(1):27-33

This article concerns an interrelation between the sea levels and the western boundary flow near a tectonic boundary in a local zone in the Northwestern Pacific. In this zone, sea level variations at stations located on the coast facing the Pacific are studied to find the interrelation between variations of the Kurosio flow as an index of the distance of the flow axis off a specific coast. The result is discussed after data processing of the monthly means of the sea levels, and a notice is taken of variations caused by active crustal upheavals during a seismic event, a local earthquake.  相似文献   

A tale of two synclines: Rifting,inversion and transpressional popouts at Lake Julius,northwestern Mt Isa terrane,Queensland     

G. S. Lister  M. G. O'Dea  I. Somaia 《Australian Journal of Earth Sciences》2013,60(2):233-250

This study reviews the origin of two approximately east‐west‐trending synclines in the Lake Julius area at the eastern edge of the Leichhardt Rift. The genesis of one of these structures can be found in a north‐south shortening event (D₁) that occurred at the beginning of the compressional Isan Orogeny (at ca 1600 Ma). Metasediments in a cross‐rift were rammed against a competent buttress defined by the pre‐existing rift architecture, producing the approximately east‐west‐trending Somaia Syncline and its associated axial‐plane slaty cleavage. In contrast, the Lake Julius Syncline was produced by reorientation of an originally approximately north‐south‐trending (D₂) fold, in a transpressional zone adjacent to a strike‐slip fault, at the end of the Isan orogeny. The effects of late fault movement can be partially reconstructed, based on correlations assuming that regionally developed trains of upright folds formed during the peak of the Isan Orogeny (D₂). These folds have been offset, as well as having been tightened and disrupted at the same time as fault movements took place. The overall pattern of movement in the Lake Julius region can be explained as the result of an ‘indentor’ ramming into the ancient edge of the Leichhardt Rift, which acted as a buttress.  相似文献