Sediment yield and runoff frequency of small drainage basins in the Mojave Desert, U.S.A.     

Peter G. Griffiths  Richard Hereford  Robert H. Webb   《Geomorphology》2006,74(1-4):232-244

Sediment yield from small arid basins, particularly in the Mojave Desert, is largely unknown owing to the ephemeral nature of these fluvial systems and long recurrence interval of flow events. We examined 27 reservoirs in the northern and eastern Mojave Desert that trapped sediment from small (< 1 km²) drainage basins on alluvial fans over the past 100 yr, calculated annual sediment yield, and estimated the average recurrence interval (RI) of sediment-depositing flow events. These reservoirs formed where railbeds crossed and blocked channels, causing sediment to be trapped and stored upslope. Deposits are temporally constrained by the date of railway construction (1906–1910), the presence of ¹³⁷Cs in the reservoir profile (post-1952 sediment), and either 1993, when some basins breached during regional flooding, or 2000–2001, when stratigraphic analyses were performed. Reservoir deposits are well stratified at most sites and have distinct fining-upward couplets indicative of discrete episodes of sediment-bearing runoff. Average RI of runoff events for these basins ranges from 2.6 to 7.3 yr and reflects the incidence of either intense or prolonged rainfall; more than half the runoff events occurred before 1963. A period of above-normal precipitation, from 1905 to 1941, may have increased runoff frequency in these basins. Mean sediment yield (9 to 48 tons km^− 2 yr^− 1) is an order of magnitude smaller than sediment yields calculated elsewhere and may be limited by reduced storm intensity, the presence of desert pavement, and shallow gradient of fan surfaces. Sediment yield decreases as drainage area increases, a trend typical of much larger drainage basins where sediment-transport processes constrain sediment yield. Coarse substrate and low-angle slopes of these alluvial fan surfaces likely limit sediment transport capacity through transmission losses and channel storage.  相似文献   

Dinosaur tracks in the Kokorkom Desert,Candeleros Formation (Cenomanian,Upper Cretaceous), Patagonia Argentina: Implications for deformation structures in dune fields     

《Cretaceous Research》2018

The Kokorkom desert extended over an area of 826 km² in the central-west sector of Neuquén and Río Negro provinces along the area of the backbulge basin within the Andean Foreland basin in the Neuquén Basin. Its deposits constitute the middle-upper section of the Candeleros Formation (Cenomanian) and reach approximately 130 m thick. Tracks are found on wet and dry interdune and within draa slipface deposits. They constitute biogenic deformation structures characterized by folded-up and/or brecciated sandstone levels formed under dry and/or wet substrate conditions with passive filling. The degree of preservation varies, but the identification of digit impression suggests that they were produced by theropods or iguanodontians.  相似文献   

古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造及发育模式   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

解锡豪  李志忠  靳建辉  刘瑞  邹晓君  马运强 《中国沙漠》2022,42(3):74-84

在野外调查基础上,应用探地雷达（GPR）对古尔班通古特沙漠东南部植被线形沙丘内部构造进行探测,获取了沙丘内部构造的雷达相图像信息,结合区域自然地理和沙丘形态特征分析,初步探讨植被线形沙丘内部构造的演化模式。结果表明：（1）GPR探测揭示了沙丘地表以下3—5 m深度的浅层构造信息,可识别沙丘中上部和丘顶部位的高倾角、上凸形和楔状交错层理、沙丘中下部和丘间地的低倾角-近水平层理构造,反映了沙丘上部风沙蚀积活动较强烈,而两翼中下部和丘间地以风沙加积为主。（2）从沙漠边缘到沙漠中心,植被线形沙丘浅层沉积构造组合由两坡不对称分布向对称分布变化,沙丘横剖面形态亦由两坡不对称向对称形态同步变化,但未发现沙丘侧向迁移的沉积构造证据。（3）依据不同规模沙丘内部构造变化序列,可将植被线形沙丘演化划分为灌丛沙丘、风影灌丛沙丘、垄状沙链、植被线形沙丘等4个发育阶段。随着叠置灌丛沙丘不断合并融入,线形沙丘宽度和高度持续增大,沙丘顶部风沙活动性增强,高倾角、上凸形、楔状交错层理增多。（4）在沙丘表层3—5 m以下块状层理以及GPR探测信号衰减、图像分辨率变差的成因,应在今后工作中进一步验证。此外,系统阐明研究区植被线形沙丘演化过程,尚需补充更多GPR探测资料并开展年代学研究。  相似文献   

乌兰布和沙漠周边典型植物群落防风阻沙效果北大核心CSCD     

李映坤  李锦荣  董雷  罗祥英  韩兆恩  王茹 《中国沙漠》2022,42(6):65-73

为揭示荒漠生态系统典型群落样地对近地层风沙活动规律,阐明荒漠生态系统中不同植被类型的防风阻沙效果,在乌兰布和沙漠东北缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带选择油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、霸王(Sarcozygium xanthoxylon)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、四合木(Tetraena mongolica)4种典型植物群落,以裸沙丘作为对照样地(CK)开展群落风沙活动观测研究。结果表明:群落内风速廓线符合对数分布规律;相对于裸沙丘地,4个样地的地表粗糙度显著增加,防风效果随距地高度增加而减小;在植物高度范围内,植物防风效果较好,植物高度范围外的防风效果减小,但仍有一定防风作用。植被的防风阻沙效果差异性来源于植被构型的差异。群落样地的输沙率符合指数Q=a+e^(bH)(a>0,b<0),且显著小于对照样地,植被可以有效减少近地表层输沙。4种群落距地面0—100 cm高度范围阻沙效果梭梭>霸王>四合木>油蒿。植被的防风固沙效果与植被高度、盖度和侧盖度线性关系显著。群落高度、盖度和侧盖度作为植物构型量化的一种形式,在其中起到关键作用。油蒿、霸王、梭梭及四合木群落在该地区具有良好的防风阻沙效果。  相似文献   

巴丹吉林沙漠周边地区土壤养分和粒度特征   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王蒙  逯军峰  付鹏  董治宝 《中国沙漠》2022,42(5):232-244

选取巴丹吉林沙漠周边8个典型地貌区域,开展不同深度土壤养分和粒度组成特征及空间异质性研究。结果表明：（1）巴丹吉林沙漠周边区域土壤养分和粒度空间异质性较强,整体上土壤贫瘠,全钾含量中等;电导率变异性最大,pH的变异性较弱,其他因子属于中等变异。土壤整体上细沙含量最高,0—20 cm层黏土和极粗沙含量的变异系数较高;20—40 cm层黏土、粉沙和极粗沙含量的变异性强。（2）0—20 cm层全氮、全磷、速效磷、速效钾含量和电导率区域差异显著;20—40 cm层全氮和速效钾含量的区域差异显著。0—20 cm层各粒级含量均有显著的区域差异;20—40 cm层极细沙、中沙和粗沙含量的区域差异显著。（3）0—20 cm和20—40 cm层以细沙为界限,小于细沙颗粒的物质与养分含量普遍表现为正相关关系,而大于细沙颗粒的物质与养分的关系普遍呈负相关关系。  相似文献   

2009年8月－10月塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘地表能量收支特征?     

王延慧  艾力.买买提明  何清  杨兴华  霍文  张建涛 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(3):34-41

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠北缘肖塘陆气相互作用观测站2009年8-10月探测的资料,对该地区能量收支状况进行了初步分析。结果表明：2009年8-10月的平均能量闭合率为78%,闭合差为22%。夏季白天,感热、潜热、土壤热通量各占净辐射的52%、6%、16%,夜间依次占净辐射的53%、3%、6%。夏季白天、夜间能量不平衡率分别为26%、38%。8月肖塘的总体输送系数CD平均值为4.5×10-3,CH为2.2×10-3。CD、CH季节变化和日变化显著,都是夏季大于秋季,白天大,夜间小。  相似文献   

种植于人工梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)林的肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征     

李丙文  王桂芬  张忠良  许波  王强  范敬龙  李生宇  邱永志  常青 《中国沙漠》2014,34(4):1049-1054

为掌握人工种植条件下肉苁蓉(Cistanche deserticola)个体质量特征,在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地咸水滴灌人工梭梭林内,采用统一的开沟、撒种接种方式,对不同林龄、不同深度接种肉苁蓉以及造林当年接种连年采收肉苁蓉的质量进行了调查和分析。结果表明:(1)所有样地出土肉苁蓉个体间质量差异大,分布离散程度高。(2)接种时林龄越大,出土肉苁蓉个体平均质量、质量品质较好的比率以及质量分布离散程度都越高;不同林龄间肉苁蓉个体质量有极显著差异。造林当年接种、连年出土肉苁蓉个体质量的特征与不同林龄的相似,但质量品质较好的比率相对较低。(3)在40~120cm深度,随种植深度增加,出土2年生以上肉苁蓉个体的数量以及质量品质较好的比率总体呈现增加趋势,并可以分为3个层面:40cm、50~80cm、100~120cm。其中40cm深度质量指标明显较低,其他深度间没有表现出明显的差异和规律,100~120cm深度的肉苁蓉个体相对细长、品相差。  相似文献   

戈壁地区夏季碳和水热循环及其湍流特征          下载免费PDF全文

赵子龙  张宏升  康凌 《地球物理学报》2013,56(8):2574-2582

本文利用2006年夏季大气边界层观测资料,采用涡动相关法分析了我国西北地区戈壁下垫面碳收支及水热循环的规律和特征,并分析了大气湍流特征.结果表明:夏季白天的CO₂湍流通量呈逆输送特征,即CO₂白天向下输送,夜间向上输送,平均数值为-0.199 mg·m^-2·s^-1,整体上表现为碳汇;戈壁地区湿度小,其数值受水平来流的影响较大,日变化特征不明显;温度的归一化标准差与稳定度参数的关系满足Monin-Obukhov Similarity (MOS)理论;温度和CO₂的能谱相似;互谱uc与uθ,wc与wθ相似;水汽和CO₂的输送主要受水平方向湍流的影响.  相似文献   

Inter‐annual variability of southerly winds in a coastal area of the Atacama Desert: implications for the export of aeolian sediments to the adjacent marine environment     

VALENTINA FLORES‐AQUEVEQUE  STEPHANE C. ALFARO  SANDRINE CAQUINEAU  GILLES FORET  GABRIEL VARGAS  JOSE A. RUTLLANT 《Sedimentology》2012,59(3):990-1000

The analysis of the aeolian content of marine cores collected off the coast of the Atacama Desert (Mejillones Bay, Chile) suggests that marine sediments can record inter‐annual to inter‐decadal variations in the regional southerly winds responsible for particle entrainment at the surface of the nearby desert. However, the establishment of a simple and direct correlation between the sediment and wind records is complicated by the difference of time scales between the erosion and accumulation processes. The aim of this work is to: (i) assess the inter‐annual variability of the surface winds responsible for the sand movements; and (ii) determine whether the integration over periods of several months completely smoothes the rapid changes in characteristics of the transported and deposited aeolian material. To accomplish this aim, 14 years of 10 m hourly wind speed, measured at the Cerro Moreno (Antofagasta) Airport between 1991 and 2003 and at the Orica Station between 2000 and 2004, were analyzed. For each year, the wind speed statistical distribution can be represented by a combination of two to three Weibull functions. Winds of the lowest Weibull mode are too weak to move the sand grains at the surface of the pampa; this is not the case for the intermediate mode and especially for the highest speed mode which are able to erode the arid surface and transport particles to the bay. In each individual year of the period of study, the highest speed mode only accounted for a limited number of strong erosion events. Quantitative analysis of the distribution of the friction velocities and of their impact on erosion using a saltation model suggests that, although all wind speeds above threshold produce erosion events, values around 0·45 m sec^?1 contribute less to the erosion flux. This gap allows separation of the erosion events into low and high saltation modes. The correlation (r = 0·997) between the importance of the third Weibull mode and the extent of higher rate saltation indicates that the inter‐annual variability of the erosion at the surface of the pampa, as well as the transport of coarse particles (>100 μm), are directly related to inter‐annual variations in the prevalence of the strongest winds. Finally, a transport and deposition model is used to assess the possible impact of the wind inter‐annual variability on the deposition flux of mineral particles in the bay. The results suggest that inter‐annual differences in the wind speed distributions have a quantifiable effect on the intensity and size‐distribution of this deposition flux. This observation suggests that a detailed analysis of the sediment cores collected from the bay could be used for reconstructing the inter‐annual variability of past winds.  相似文献   

The earliest well-dated archeological site in the hyper-arid Tarim Basin and its implications for prehistoric human migration and climatic change   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

WenXia Han  LuPeng Yu  ZhongPing Lai  David Madsen  Shengli Yang 《Quaternary Research》2014

The routes and timing of human occupation of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) are crucial for understanding the evolution of Tibetan populations and associated paleoclimatic conditions. Many archeological sites have been found in/around the Tarim Basin, on the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Unfortunately, most of these sites are surface sites and cannot be directly dated. Their ages can only be estimated based on imprecise artifact comparisons. We recently found and dated an archeological site on a terrace along the Keriya River. Our ages indicate that the site was occupied at ~ 7.0–7.6 ka, making it the earliest well-dated archeological site yet identified in the Tarim Basin. This suggests that early human foragers migrated into this region prior to ~ 7.0–7.6 ka during the early to mid-Holocene climatic optimum, which may have provided the impetus for populating the region. We hypothesize that the Keriya River, together with the other rivers originating from the TP, may have served as access routes onto the TP for early human foragers. These rivers may also have served as stepping stones for migration further west into the now hyper-arid regions of the Tarim Basin, leading ultimately to the development of the Silk Road.  相似文献