Investigating the influence of total electrolyte concentration and sodium–calcium ion competition on controlled dispersion of swelling clays     

Josephine Lim  Ross G. de Kretser  Peter J. Scales 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2009,93(2):15-102

The influence of clay dispersion method on dewatering behaviour of a run-of-mine bentonite was examined to better understand the roles of calcium–sodium ion exchange and overall electrolyte concentration on the suppression of swelling and subsequent stabilisation of the clay. As with previous work, controlled dispersion of the clay directly into a swelling suppressing environment was observed to yield order of magnitude improvements in dewatering behaviour [de Kretser, R.G., Scales, P.J. and Boger, D.V., 1997. Improving clay-based tailings disposal: a case study on coal tailings. AIChE Journal. 43 (7), 1894–1903.]. The calcium ion, even after normalisation for its valence, yielded significantly better clay stabilisation performance than the sodium ion indicating the greater benefit afforded via divalent ion-exchange driven controlled dispersion. However the results also highlighted a synergistic effect of the double layer suppression effect on the efficacy of ion-exchange mediated controlled dispersion through simultaneous swelling suppression and structure preservation during the transient process of ion exchange on hydration. Studies of controlled dispersion in dual ion, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺, systems illustrated that although the efficacy of controlled dispersion deteriorated with an increase in the Na⁺ to Ca²⁺ ratio, even small amounts of calcium character could generate significant improvements in dewaterability over the pure sodium case. This result was relevant in terms of defining an operational window for the commonly used, but sparingly soluble calcium source, gypsum where the low deliverable calcium level could be more than offset by the controlled dispersion benefits of maintaining a higher overall salinity level. Based on the results presented, the potential impact of practical implementation of a controlled dispersion framework within a mineral processing operation was illustrated via numerical modelling of the operation of a steady state thickener.  相似文献   

离子注入对农杆菌介导将大豆球蛋白基因转入杨柴愈伤组织的影响     

陈玲玲  那日  邢万金  刘美玲 《中国沙漠》2010,30(5):1104-1107

以杨柴愈伤组织为材料,研究了低能离子束注入对农杆菌介导将11S大豆球蛋白基因Gy3(A1aB1b)转入杨柴愈伤组织的影响。杨柴愈伤组织经离子束注入处理后以根癌农杆菌侵染,通过GUS报告基因表达的组织化学染色分析和PCR检测,发现离子注入显著增强了根癌农杆菌对愈伤组织的侵染转化效率,初步证明大豆基因已整合到杨柴基因组中。  相似文献   

The origin of hydrous,high-δ<Superscript>18</Superscript>O voluminous volcanism: diverse oxygen isotope values and high magmatic water contents within the volcanic record of Klyuchevskoy volcano,Kamchatka, Russia     

Sara Auer  Ilya Bindeman  Paul Wallace  Vera Ponomareva  Maxim Portnyagin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,157(2):209-230

Klyuchevskoy volcano, in Kamchatka’s subduction zone, is one of the most active arc volcanoes in the world and contains some of the highest δ¹⁸O values for olivines and basalts. We present an oxygen isotope and melt inclusion study of olivine phenocrysts in conjunction with major and trace element analyses of ¹⁴C- and tephrochronologically-dated tephra layers and lavas spanning the eruptive history of Klyuchevskoy. Whole-rock and groundmass analyses of tephra layers and lava samples demonstrate that both high-Mg (7–12.5 wt% MgO) and high-Al (17–19 wt% Al₂O₃, 3–6.5 wt% MgO) basalt and basaltic andesite erupted coevally from the central vent and flank cones. Individual and bulk olivine δ¹⁸O range from normal MORB values of 5.1‰ to values as high as 7.6‰. Likewise, tephra and lava matrix glass have high-δ¹⁸O values of 5.8–8.1‰. High-Al basalts dominate volumetrically in Klyuchevskoy’s volcanic record and are mostly high in δ¹⁸O. High-δ¹⁸O olivines and more normal-δ¹⁸O olivines occur in both high-Mg and high-Al samples. Most olivines in either high-Al or high-Mg basalts are not in oxygen isotopic equilibrium with their host glasses, and Δ¹⁸O_{olivine–glass} values are out of equilibrium by up to 1.5‰. Olivines are also out of Fe–Mg equilibrium with the host glasses, but to a lesser extent. Water concentrations in olivine-hosted melt inclusions from five tephra samples range from 0.4 to 7.1 wt%. Melt inclusion CO₂ concentrations vary from below detection (<50 ppm) to 1,900 ppm. These values indicate depths of crystallization up to ~17 km (5 kbar). The variable H₂O and CO₂ concentrations likely reflect crystallization of olivine and entrapment of inclusions in ascending and degassing magma. Oxygen isotope and Fe–Mg disequilibria together with melt inclusion data indicate that olivine was mixed and recycled between high-Al and high-Mg basaltic melts and cumulates, and Fe–Mg and δ¹⁸O re-equilibration processes were incomplete. Major and trace elements in the variably high-δ¹⁸O olivines suggest a peridotite source for the parental magmas. Voluminous, highest in the world with respect to δ¹⁸O, and hydrous basic volcanism in Klyuchevskoy and other Central Kamchatka depression volcanoes is explained by a model in which the ascending primitive melts that resulted from the hydrous melt fluxing of mantle wedge peridotite, interacted with the shallow high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle that had been extensively hydrated during earlier times when it was part of the Kamchatka forearc. Following accretion of the Eastern Peninsula terrains several million years ago, a trench jump eastward caused the old forearc mantle to be beneath the presently active arc. Variable interaction of ascending flux-melting-derived melts with this older, high-δ¹⁸O lithospheric mantle has produced mafic parental magmas with a spectrum of δ¹⁸O values. Differentiation of the higher δ¹⁸O parental magmas has created the volumetrically dominant high-Al basalt series. Both basalt types incessantly rise and mix between themselves and with variable in δ¹⁸O cumulates within dynamic Klyuchevskoy magma plumbing system, causing biannual eruptions and heterogeneous magma products. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.  相似文献   

Thermosphere–ionosphere response at middle and high latitudes during perturbed conditions: A case study     

G.A. Mansilla   《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(11-12):1448-1454

Neutral gas composition and ionospheric measurements taken by the Dynamic Explorer 2 satellite at F2-region heights (280–300 km) during an intense geomagnetic storm (peak Dst=−187 nT) were used to analyze the role of some possible physical mechanisms responsible for the changes of electron density at high and middle latitudes. The storm considered in this study occurred on 26 September 1982. The main features observed were increases of electron density during the initial stages of the storm at middle latitudes; followed by decreases of electron density at high and mid-high latitudes during the main phase of the storm and the first phase of the recovery. Delayed increases of electron density during the recovery phase have also been observed at mid-high latitudes (50–60°). Several mechanisms were discussed in explaining the features observed for the electron density variations.  相似文献   

Dispersion Potential of Selected Iowa Lake Sediments as Influenced by Dissolved and Solid‐phase Constituents     

Bogadi T. Mathangwane  Mark A. Chappell  Jutta R. V. Pils  Leticia S. Sonon  Vasilos P. Evangelou 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(2):201-208

Critics charge that agricultural managers routinely overdose their fields with chemical N and P to levels that exceed the soil's capacity to adsorb these materials, creating a situation that promotes hypoxia in Iowa lakes. Soil colloidal particles, capable of forming complexes with inorganic and organic N and P, control the equilibrium concentration of dissolved nutrients in lake waters. However, it should be realized that adsorbed nutrients also exhibit strong influences on the potential of sediments to undergo dispersion, a condition that may directly impact nutrient bioavailability. Thus, direct links may exist between adsorbed nutrient compositions and flocculation/dispersion properties of lake colloidal material. This paper presents work involving four Iowa lakes undertaken to determine relationships between ion composition and the dispersion potential of sediments. Surface waters and lake‐bottom grab samples were collected at three separate collection times from August to October. Samples were characterized for dissolved and adsorbed cations. Dispersion potential of each water sample was characterized by relating the total suspended solids concentration to the absorbance at 560 nm. It was found that sediment dispersion was easily predictable by a simple yet significant linear correlation with the concentration ratio of Na (CR_Na = [Na]/[Ca]^–1/2) in solution. This correlation was further improved by including Na concentration, CR_K, electrical conductivity, temperature, and solution P concentrations into the model. Nonlinear inter‐dependences were found between TSS and cation exchange capacity (CEC), and adsorbed Na, K, P, and heavy metals. Our analysis suggests that solution/solid phase constituents influenced the dispersion behavior of sediments through subtle manipulations of the excess surface charge.  相似文献   

Permselective Membrane Fouling During Azo Dye Wastewater Treatment     

Peter G. Oduor  Xiana Santos  Jared Abwawo  Jeffery Dunham 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2008,36(2):171-179

A Na‐montmorillonite membrane wastewater renovation prototype system was developed to specifically treat an ionic azo dye. Efficiency of this prototype system was limited to membrane fouling. Fouling rates were not consistently uniform owing to steric effects and competition for exchange sites. The decrease in solute rejection with time can be attributed to the decrease in the relative permeability of the compacted Na‐montmorillonite membrane to the dye with time due to fouling. This decrease occurs probably as a two‐step nucleation–growth mechanism with the nucleation part dependent in part on solvent flux, number of nucleation sites on the membrane, and sorbed mass part that controls solute flux and organic polymerization. The effect of concentration polarization was significant since the flux was higher than the mass‐transfer coefficient. The low diffusion coefficient of the ionic azo dye resulted in low mass transfer coefficients. The most important macromolecular solution properties to be considered for pilot systems may include high concentration‐dependent viscosity, possible non‐Newtonian fluid behavior, and low and concentration‐dependent self‐diffusivity amongst other factors. For pilot systems, the greater the quantity of large macromolecules in the ambient water, the greater the necessity of reducing the permselectivity of the membrane to prevent significant polarization.  相似文献   

Sorption Preconcentration and Determination of Cobalt in Industrial Solutions by Diffuse Reflection Spectroscopy Method     

O. P. Kalyakina  O. N. Kononova  S. V. Kachin  A. G. Kholmogorov 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(5):272-276

Cobalt and its compounds have a broad field of application in Russian industries, being essential raw materials for metallurgy, medicine, and agriculture. That is why the production of cobalt is one of the key industries in Russia. Cobalt is produced from mineral raw materials as well as from secondary raw materials (for example, after processing of spent catalysts of oil refinery). It can also be obtained as a by‐product of nickel, manganese, and some other metals processing. That is the reason why the solutions of Ni and Mn industries contain up to 50 g/L of cobalt. obalt compounds are harmful for men’s heart, bloodvessel system, and thyroid gland. This fact explains the importance of the monitoring of cobalt concentrations in natural water and sewages. This task can be effectively achieved using the analytical sorption technique. The present work is focused on the preconcentration of cobalt and its determination by means of diffuse reflection spectroscopy. The preconcentration of cobalt was carried out using the macronetwork cation exchangers KB‐2M and KB‐2‐3T synthesized on the basis of methyl acrylate and long‐chain cross‐linking agents copolymers. Based on these collectors, a cobalt determination method in industrial solutions was worked out using solid‐phase spectroscopy. The colored surface compound to be determined was obtained by a preceding cobalt sorption on the resin and by subsequent treatment of the concentrate obtained with definite amount of nitroso‐R‐salt. The Co calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 0.05...0.50 mg/L Co (sample volume is 50.0 mL) and the detection limit is 0.02 mg/L (1 μg absolute).  相似文献   

离子水合力与电荷号大小的顾函数标度     

顾宏堪 《海洋与湖沼》1998,29(2):206-211

“水汽化学”这一门新科学已由顾宏堪实验室通过超痕量分析发现并创立。顾函数表明,水蒸发为水汽时携带的痕量金属离子的浓度,正相关于比电子亲和常数Iz／Z,负相关于离子体积V和配位数N。而这一键参数函数相当于量子力学Schrodinger方程中的电子位函数。同为正二价的不同离子,水一汽转移的浓度可以有较大的差异,表明不同的正二价离子与水的引力（水合力）有所不同,此差别可通过顾函数以相对能量值或“＋”号的大小标出。  相似文献   

MF地磁场模型中磁尾感应电场研究与磁尾离子加速   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0       下载免费PDF全文

史建魁  刘振兴 《地球物理学报》1999,42(1):12-17

为研究磁尾感应电场对上行离子的加速,对磁层亚暴期间尾向地磁场在向偶极位形弛豫过程中产生的感应电场进行了理论研究。结果表明：在偶极化过程中磁场的ＢＸ分量下降,ＢＺ分量上升,并产生随时间变化的单峰结构的感应电场,其峰值可超过２０ｍｖ／ｍ;当子午面内地心距离由６Ｒ,变化到１６ＲＥ时,感应电场峰值呈逐渐增大趋势;随着ｚ坐标的增大（远离赤道面）或Ｙ坐标的增大（远离子午面）,感应电场峰值呈逐渐减小趋势;感应电场峰值随磁场向偶极形弛豫周期的减小而增大．理论计算得到的感应电场随时间变化曲线及峰值与观测结果符合较好,本文还对上行离子在感应磁场中的加速进行了估算．  相似文献   

Hydrodynamic loads on subsea robots     

Carlos Rivera  Michael Hinchey 《Ocean Engineering》1999,26(8):589

Free floating subsea robots are often subjected to complex hydrodynamic loads due to waves/currents and wakes from nearby structures. This makes control extremely difficult. Good hydrodynamics data might counteract this. This paper presents hydrodynamics data for two configurations undergoing various combinations of steady translation and approximately steady rotation. The two configurations are: a spherical body with a single fixed link arm and a two link arm without a body. For both configurations neural networks were found to provide a reasonable fit to the data. We believe that such fits could be used to improve control.  相似文献