一次锋面层状云云系结构、降水机制及人工增雨条件研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6       下载免费PDF全文

洪延超  李宏宇 《高原气象》2011,30(5):1308-1323

利用观测资料、中尺度模式MM5和一维层状云模式,分析和研究了典型层状云系的＂催化-供给＂云结构及其分布、降水形成微物理机制;通过分析云的结构、降水机制和水分转化研究了人工增雨条件。结果表明,云系的不同部位,其垂直结构也不同,云系中有3个不同高度的含水量中心：高层冰云由冰晶和雪组成,含水量中心在300hPa高度;中层云为...  相似文献   

长江流域大气降水中δ^18O变化与水汽来源          下载免费PDF全文

吴华武  章新平  孙广禄  申林  黄一民  王红红 《气象与环境学报》2011,27(5):7-12

根据GNIP所提供的长江流域多年月平均降水中δD、δ^18O料以及NOAA-CIRES提供的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了长江流域降水稳定同位素与降水量、水汽压、温度和水汽来源之间的关系。结果表明：在平均季节尺度下,长江流域大气降水中δ^18O降水量、水汽压和温度均存在显著的负相关关系,说明该流域降水中δ^18O...  相似文献   

双台风生消过程涡旋能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像   总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5  

徐洪雄  徐祥德  陈斌  陈联寿  朱复成 《气象学报》2013,71(5):825-838

重点研究“莫拉克”台风发展并登陆台湾,以及“天鹅”台风消亡阶段两者相互作用的问题。通过诊断分析发现“莫拉克”与“天鹅”移动过程存在双台风涡旋互旋、吸引与合并现象。采用双台风中心连线的垂直剖面移动坐标分析法可揭示出双台风涡度、风场三维结构,演变过程中双台风的涡度、动能强度呈反向变化关系,在双台风生消过程中,动能、位涡场分布存在显著“连体”通道特征。并揭示出双台风涡旋各自生、消过程水汽、动能可能存在的相互影响及其涡旋结构变化的内在关联。对“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”引发暴雨过程,采用Flexpart-WRF耦合模式模拟“质点群”轨迹,模拟结果再现了双台风生消阶段“天鹅”台风水汽“粒子群”向“莫拉克”低层气旋式输入通道,且在“莫拉克”涡旋高层反气旋式卷出的三维立体动态图像。通过剔除“天鹅”台风涡旋数值模拟试验进一步印证了“天鹅”台风趋于消弱过程其水汽、动能输送为“莫拉克”台风发展与维持做出了一定贡献。基于以上合成分析、轨迹和数值模拟技术综合分析提出了能揭示“天鹅”消亡、“莫拉克”发展过程能量、水汽输送相互影响的三维物理图像。  相似文献   

Use of the National Drought Model (NDM) in Monitoring Selected Agroclimatic Risks Across the Agricultural Landscape of Canada     

A.C. Chipanshi  R.T. Warren  J. L'Heureux  D. Waldner  H. McLean  D. Qi 《大气与海洋》2013,51(5):471-488

Abstract

The National Drought Model (NDM) is an amalgamation of the atmospheric component of the original Palmer Drought and Versatile Soil Moisture Budget (VSMB) models. The NDM uses locally derived coefficients from the station or gridded climate data to calculate a calibration factor for comparing locations in time and space. A modular approach is used to model major processes such as evapotranspiration, biometeorological time, snowmelt, and the cascading of soil moisture down to the root zone. The modular approach allows modifications to be made to specific sections without making structural changes to the entire model or the data inputs. The NDM is an operational tool, integrating data from the climate, soil, and plant sciences to monitor agroclimatic risks such as drought and excess moisture. In this paper, the capacity of the NDM to monitor extreme agroclimatic risks, such as drought and flooding of agricultural soils, was assessed. Using the Palmer Drought Severity Index component of the NDM, the mapping of the spatial extent and severity of the 2001 and 2002 droughts across Canada and the excess moisture conditions on the Canadian Prairies in 2010 agreed with other assessments. The validation study of soil moisture at two Alberta locations (Lethbridge and Beaverlodge) showed that the VSMB tracked the soil moisture flux in the root zone successfully in response to changing environmental conditions. The VSMB explained about 70 and 60% of the variance in observed soil moisture at the two respective locations.  相似文献   

Quality Control and Evaluation of the Observed Daily Data in the North American Soil Moisture Database   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Weilin LIAO  Dagang WANG  Guiling WANG  Youlong XIA  Xiaoping LIU 《Journal of Meteorological Research》2019,(3):501-518

The North American Soil Moisture Database (NASMD) was initiated in 2011 to assemble and homogenize in situ soil moisture measurements from 32 observational networks in the United States and Canada encompassing more than 1800 stations. Although statistical quality control (QC) procedures have been applied in the NASMD, the soil moisture content tends to be systematically underestimated by in situ sensors in frozen soils, and using a single maximum threshold (i.e., 0.6 m3 m-3) may not be sufficient for robust QC because of the diverse soil textures in North America. In this study, based on the in situ soil porosity and North American Land Data Assimilation System phase 2 (NLDAS-2) Noah soil temperature, the simple automated QC method is revised to supplement the existing QC approach. This revised QC method is first validated based on the assessment at 78 of the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) stations where the manually checked data are available, and is then applied to all stations in the NASMD to produce a more strict quality-controlled dataset. The results show that the revised automated QC procedure can flag the spurious and erroneous soil moisture measurements for the SCAN stations, especially for those located in high altitudes and latitudes. Relative to station measurements in the original NASMD, the quality-controlled data show a slightly better agreement with the manually checked soil moisture content. It should be noted that this quality-controlled dataset may be over-flagged for some valid soil moisture measurements due to potential errors of the soil temperature and soil porosity data, and validation in this study is limited by the availability of benchmark soil moisture data. The updated QC and additional validation will be desirable to boost confidence in the product when high-quality data become available in the future.  相似文献   

“5.10”岷县暴雨灾害天气过程的数值模拟和诊断分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨小银  宋广宁  付培健 《高原气象》2013,32(3)

利用NCEP再分析资料和中尺度模式WRF,对2012年5月10日甘肃岷县出现的罕见雷电、短时强降水、冰雹和阵性大风等强对流天气过程进行了模拟,同时使用H YSPLIT后向轨迹模式对此次天气过程的水汽来源进行了模拟,并对模式输出的多种物理量进行了诊断分析.结果表明,WRF模式能较好地模拟此次天气过程;在此次降水发生过程中,暴雨区出现了很强的辐合上升运动,为降水的形成和发展提供了动力条件,中低层负螺旋度的短暂出现可作为降水即将发生的一个指标;来自西亚地区和孟加拉湾的水汽在甘南中层辐合,为此次暴雨提供了足够的水汽;不稳定能量的积累和释放,且能量的释放过程比积累过程快,导致暴雨的产生.  相似文献   

基于CyGNSS数据的土壤水分与植被光学厚度反演研究     

严清赟  金双根  黄为民  贾燕  魏思远 《南京气象学院学报》2021,13(2):194-203

本文提出了一种仅基于CyGNSS数据,能够同时反演土壤水分与植被光学厚度的方案,该方案使用了神经网络与暴力穷举算法.首先考察了2018年以及2020年的数据,并对结果进行了验证.通过分析发现反演结果与参考数据展现了良好的一致性.土壤水分的反演结果与2018年和2020年的测试数据比较,其相关系数分别高达0.86和0.84,均方根误差分别为0.064和0.071 cm³/cm³;对于植被光学厚度,2018年与2020年的相关系数均为0.98,均方根误差分别为0.079和0.084.研究结果表明,CyGNSS可作为一种新型且独立的泛热带土壤水分与植被光学厚度反演手段.  相似文献   

Seasonal water uptake near trees: a numerical and experimental study     

《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(2):129-138

Issues related to the numerical simulation of moisture migration patterns in the unsaturated zone and in the vicinity of mature trees are explored in this paper. The research is based on the use of Richard's equation for unsaturated moisture flow incorporating a sink term. A numerical solution has been achieved via the finite-element method for spatial discretization along with a finite-difference time-marching scheme. An axisymmetric solution is developed to represent water uptake near an established tree. The approach adopted utilizes radial symmetry and assumes a linear distribution of water extraction rates with both depth and radius. The model has been validated by direct comparison with field measurements recorded (by others) for a mature lime tree located on a boulder clay subsoil. Non-linear hydraulic properties have been obtained from independent published data. A good correlation between field data and simulated results has been achieved. The simulation covers a full annual cycle starting from field capacity in winter, extending through a full spring–summer drying period and subsequent autumn recharge. It is believed that this is the first attempt to simulate the behaviour of an established tree over such a time-scale. This relatively straightforward approach is thought to be suitable for development and application to a range of geo-engineering problems (e.g. slope stability, shrinkage/heave prediction, etc).  相似文献   

长江中下游地区夏季降水的水汽路径的客观定量化研究   总被引：2，自引：4，他引：2  

叶敏  封国林 《大气科学》2015,39(4):777-788

本文根据中国台站降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料, 研究了长江中下游地区夏季降水的水汽路径并给出了客观定量化的定义。结果表明:(1)影响长江中下游地区夏季降水的水汽路径主要是来自南界的水汽输送, 据此定义了南界水汽路径的面积、中心强度、向东延伸格点的位置以及边界强度等指标;(2)对各个指标的时间演化特征进行了分析, 南界水汽路径的面积指标和中心强度指标有下降的趋势, 各个指标在20世纪90年代前后都有一个明显的转折, 面积指标、中心强度指标、边界纬向强度指标都有明显的年代际的变化;(3)对各指标与中国夏季降水和前冬海表温度进行相关分析, 夏季南界水汽路径影响我国不同地区的降水, 南界水汽路径的面积指标、中心强度指标与前一年冬季西太平洋的海温呈显著负相关, 与赤道中太平洋和东太平洋前一年冬季的海温呈显著正相关, 即前冬东太平洋发生El Ni?o时, 有利于夏季西太平洋水汽输送增强, 进而有利于长江中下游地区夏季降水偏多。  相似文献   

广东西部沿海铁路土体参数相关性分析     

张占荣 《城市地质》2012,7(1):31-34,17

土体的压缩模量、液限和塑限等物理力学参数是工程地质勘察测试的重要项目,根据广东西部沿海铁路初测的土体物理力学试验,分析了压缩模量、压缩系数、液限、塑限、塑性指数、液性指数等参数与孔隙比、含水率、密度等参数之间的相关关系。通过回归关系式初步估计不易直接测得的指标,节约了测试时间和试验成本。  相似文献