Comparison of AGASA data with CORSIKA simulation     

M. Nagano  D. Heck  K. Shinozaki  N. Inoue  J. Knapp 《Astroparticle Physics》2000,13(4):209-294

An interpretation of Akeno giant air shower array (AGASA) data by comparing the experimental results with the simulated ones by cosmic ray simulation for KASCADE (CORSIKA) has been made. General features of the electromagnetic component and low energy muons observed by AGASA can be well reproduced by CORSIKA. The form of the lateral distribution of charged particles agrees well with the experimental one between a few hundred metres and 2000 m from the core, irrespective of the hadronic interaction model studied and the primary composition (proton or iron). It does not depend on the primary energy between 10^17.5 and 10²⁰ eV as the experiment shows. If we evaluate the particle density measured by scintillators of 5 cm thickness at 600 m from the core S₀(600), suffix 0 denotes the vertically incident shower) by taking into account the similar conditions as in the experiment, the conversion relation from S₀(600) to the primary energy is expressed as E (eV)=2.15×10¹⁷S₀(600)^1.015 within 10% uncertainty among the models and composition used, which suggests the present AGASA conversion factor is the lower limit. Although the form of the muon lateral distribution fits well to the experiment within 1000 m from the core, the absolute values change with hadronic interaction model and primary composition. The slope of the ρ_μ(600) (muon density above 1 GeV at 600 m from the core) vs. S₀(600) relation in experiment is flatter than that in simulation of any hadronic model and primary composition. As the experimental slope is constant from 10¹⁵ to 10¹⁹ eV, we need to study this relation in a wide primary energy range to infer the rate of change of chemical composition with energy.  相似文献   

辽宁省净初级生产力时空演变及其对地形因子的响应     

李雨鸿  陶苏林  李荣平  王婷  周斌  李晶  刘东明 《气象与环境学报》2021,37(5):107-112

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是评估生态环境质量的重要指标之一,为了探明辽宁省生态环境变化,利用MODIS-NDVI数据及CASA模型,对辽宁省2000—2018年NPP进行估算,并在此基础上分析了近19 a辽宁省NPP时空变化特征及其对地形因子的响应。结果表明：2000—2018年辽宁省植被NPP呈波动上升趋势,空间分布特征为东部高西部低;NPP变化趋势率为2.89 gC·m^-2·a^-1,其中,87.4%的地区呈增加趋势,且辽西北地区波动变化最为显著;高程和坡度对NPP变化的影响明显高于坡向;随着高程增加,NPP表现为先增加后平稳的趋势,高程500 m左右出现NPP最大值;随着坡度增加,NPP表现为先增加后略有减小的趋势,坡度35°左右出现NPP最大值;在高程为500 m以上、坡度为15°—35°范围内,NPP值最大。  相似文献   

Primary production and community respiration in a warm streamer associated with Kuroshio warm core ring in spring     

Mitsuyasu Waku  Ken Furuya 《Journal of Oceanography》1998,54(5):565-572

Daily rates of gross primary production, net community production and community respiration were determined in spring of 1997 at two stations in a warm streamer off Sanriku, Japan fromin vitro changes in dissolved oxygen. The phytoplankton community was composed of chlorophytes, cryptophytes and prymnesiophytes as determined by biomarker pigment analysis. Gross production, integrated from the surface to its 1% light level was 52.5 and 80.4 mmol O₂ m⁻²d⁻¹. The difference in gross production is ascribed to variations in photosynthetic activity of the population. Community respiration was 17.4 and 49.5 mmol O₂ m⁻²d⁻¹, and positive net community production was found within the euphotic zone. The contribution of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration to community respiration was estimated on the basis of the observed respiration and the phytoplankton composition. Heterotrophic respiration was calculated to be highly variable and the observed difference in community respiration was due to heterotrophic respiration. Heterotrophic respiration was considered to play an important role in the rapid mineralization of organic materials.  相似文献   

Spatial patterns of primary production on the shelf, slope and basin of the Western Arctic in 2002   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Victoria Hill  Glenn Cota 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2005,52(24-26):3344

In the spring and summer of 2002 primary production in the Chukchi Sea was measured, using ¹⁴C uptake experiments. Our cruise track encompassed the shelf and continental slope area of the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas progressing into deep water over the Canada Basin. The study area experienced upwards of 90% ice cover during the spring, with ice retreating into the basin during the summer. Production in the spring was light-limited due to ice cover, with average euphotic zone production rates of <0.3 g C m⁻² d⁻¹. Values of 8 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ were observed in association with surface bloom conditions during the initial ice breakup. Considerable nutrient reduction in the surface waters took place between the spring and summer cruise, and although not observed, this was attributed to a spring bloom. Decreased ice cover and increased clarity of surface waters in the summer allowed greater light penetration. The highest rates of production during the second cruise were found at 25–30 m, coincident with the top of the nutricline. Daily euphotic zone productivity in the summer averaged 0.78 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ on the shelf and 0.32 g C m⁻² d⁻¹ on the edge of the Canada basin. These data provide an estimated annual production of 90 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in the study area.  相似文献   

胶州湾初级生产力周年变化   总被引：18，自引：6，他引：18  

孙松  张永山  吴玉霖  张光涛  张芳  蒲新明 《海洋与湖沼》2005,36(6):481-486

根据2003年5月—2004年4月逐月对胶州湾初级生产力的调查研究,分析讨论了胶州湾初级生产力的周年动态变化特征。结果表明,胶州湾初级生产力存在着明显的季节变化:夏季是一年中的高峰,平均为835.72mgC/(m2.d),春、秋季次之,分别为286.00mgC/(m2.d)和247.81mgC/(m2.d),冬季最低,平均为102.27mgC/(m2.d)。初级生产力平面分布特征为:夏季高值区一般位于湾西北部和东北部近岸水域,秋季至次年春末的高值区一般位于湾东北部近岸水域,湾中部和湾口海域较低。湾外海域除夏末秋初与湾中部水平接近外,其它季节比湾中部和湾口低,呈自湾内向湾外递降的分布趋势。6月下旬记录到7213.48mgC/(m2.d)初级生产力的最高值,位于湾东侧近岸,该高值持续时间很短,在时间上恰巧对应于一周前的一次强降雨过程。温度是影响胶州湾初级生产力季节变化的决定因子。  相似文献   

胶州湾聚球菌(Synechococcus spp.)蓝细菌的分布及其对初级生产力的贡献   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵三军  肖天  李洪波  徐剑虹 《海洋与湖沼》2005,36(6):534-540

自2002—2004年应用表面荧光显微镜计数法对胶州湾聚球菌(Synechococcusspp.)蓝细菌的季节变化、月变化及其对浮游植物总初级生产力的贡献进行调查研究。结果显示,胶州湾Synechococcusspp.丰度处于0.16×104—21×104cells/ml之间,最大与最小值之间相差约两个数量级,其中夏天Synechococcusspp.丰度最高,春、秋季相当,冬季最低。夏季Synechococcusspp.丰度平均值约是冬季的3—4倍。Synechococcusspp.的季节变化呈现一定周期性。Synechococcusspp.月最高值(21×104cells/ml)出现在8月的B2站表层,最低值(0.15×104cells/ml)出现在12月A1站表层。对18个月的胶州湾Synechococcusspp.水平分布进行分析,结果显示,河口和近岸区域Synechococcusspp.丰度相对较高。以D8站为典型站位对Synechococcusspp.垂直分布进行的分析发现,不同季节Synechococcusspp.最大值出现的水深不同。胶州湾Synechococcusspp.在总浮游植物生物量中所占的比例在0.2%—77%之间,平均为4.7%。此外,对2003—2004年温度与Syne-chococcusspp.丰度的相关性分析中发现,两者呈正线性相关(相关系数达0.6)。  相似文献   

The summertime net transport of dissolved oxygen,salt and heat in a salt marsh basin,North Inlet,S.C.     

L.R. Gardner  Curtis Gorman 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》1984,19(3):331-339

This study addresses the impact marshes have on the dissolved oxygen content of tidal waters, particularly during summer when respiratory demand for oxygen in adjacent coastal waters is at a maximum and the solubility of oxygen is lowest. The net transports of dissolved oxygen, salt and heat have been measured for 65 tidal cycles during late spring and summer for a small (0·14 km²) salt marsh basin near North Inlet, S.C. The results indicate that export of dissolved oxygen occurs only on tidal cycles that begin between 2:00 am and 10:00 am such that high tide occurs within 4 h of noon. The largest exports of oxygen and heat are produced by spring tides beginning near sunrise. Although the time window for oxygen export is only about 8 h in duration, there is a more or less overall long-term balance between export and import because the magnitude of oxygen export is about 25% greater than import. The magnitude of heat export similarly exceeds heat import but because the time windows for heat export and import are equal, there is an overall export of heat. This study thus suggests that in summer salt marshes of the Atlantic coast export heat and are in balance with respect to the export and import of dissolved oxygen. However, because of the interaction of the diurnal tide with the daily cycle of solar radiation, transient dissolved oxygen concentrations in tidal waters can range from 1.5 to 10.0 ppm. Thus loading of additional oxygen consuming materials to these waters possibly could lead to significant periods of anoxia.  相似文献   

城市区域内不同下垫面的有效辐射特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

张一平 《气象科学》1997,17(2):168-175

本文以低高原城市昆明市为厂家对象，利用城市区域内上气候观测资料，定量地分析了城市区域内不同下垫面的有效辐射特征、变化规律，得到了一些有益的结果，中可为探讨城市区域辐射状况，城市气候形成机制及城市气候的深入研究提供依据。并可为其它地区的研究提供参考。  相似文献   

主次结构减震特性研究   总被引：1，自引：2，他引：1  

杨栋  陈国兴 《地震工程与工程振动》1996,16(1):100-109

本文探讨了主次结构的减震特性以及土－结构相互作用对减震效果的影响，在一定条件下，次结构对主结构有减震作用，其减震效果与主次结构的刚度比和质量比、次结构的阻尼和输入地震动的特性有关，对于多层建筑，次结构既可能减小主结构的加速度，也可能减小其相对位移，对于高层建筑、则主要是减小主结构的相对位移，对于中软至弱地基条件，ＳＳＩ效应明显降低高层建筑的加速度反应；对于中等地基条件，ＳＳＩ效应显著降低次结构对高  相似文献   

我国绝对重力观测结果和重力测量精度   总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4  

陈益惠  黄大伦 《地球物理学进展》1996,11(3):21-39

文内给出全国３６个点绝对重力观测结果。观测结果表明，在国家重力基本网的一些点上，其重力值新测绝对重力值之间存在明显偏差。  相似文献